A. P. European History Essay Questions From Previous Years
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A.P. European History Essay Questions From Previous Years European monarchs of the late fifteenth centuries and early sixteenth centuries are often referred to as the “New Monarchs.” What was “new” about them? Do their actions warrant this label? (1976-1983) To what extent and in what ways may the Renaissance be regarded as the turning point in Western intellectual and cultural tradition? (1976-1983) How did the disintegration of the medieval church and the coming of the Reformation contribute to the development of nation-states in Western Europe between 1450 and 1648? (1976-1983) Explain the ways in which Italian Renaissance humanism transformed ideas about an individual’s role in society. (1994) Using examples from at least two different states, analyze the key features of the “new monarchies” and the factors responsible for their rise in the period 1450 to 1550. (2005) To what extent is the term “Renaissance” a valid concept for a distinct period in early modern European history? (1985) Discuss how Renaissance ideas are expressed in the Italian art of the period referring to specific works and artists. (1998) To what extent and in what ways did women participate in the Renaissance? (2003 Form B) Analyze the influence of humanism on the visual arts in the Italian Renaissance. Use at least THREE specific works to support your analysis. (2004) Evaluate the changes and continuities in women’s public roles during the Renaissance. (2009 Form B) Analyze the ways in which the two works above, Perugino’s Christ Delivering the Keys of the Kingdom to Saint Peter (1481-1483) on the left, and Michelangelo’s David 1501-1504) on the right, represent the values of Italian culture. (2010 Form B) “Luther was both a revolutionary and a conservative.” Evaluate this statement with respect to Luther’s responses to the political and social questions of his day. (1983) “The Reformation was a rejection of the secular spirit of the Italian Renaissance.” Defend or refute this statement using specific example from sixteenth-century Europe. (1986) “The Protestant Reformation was primarily an economic event.” By describing and determining the relative importance of the economic, political, and religious causes of the Protestant Reformation, defend or refute this statement. (1987) The pictures below and on the next page show the interiors of a Protestant church and a Roman Catholic church as each appeared in the first half of the seventeenth century. Using these pictures as a starting point, explain how these interiors reflect the differing theologies and religious practices of Protestantism and Catholicism at that time. (1992) Compare and contrast the attitudes of Martin Luther and John Calvin toward political authority and social order. (1995) Assess the extent to which the Protestant Reformation promoted new expectations about social roles in the sixteenth century. Refer to at least two social groups in your assessment. (1996) What were the responses of the Catholic authorities in the sixteenth century to the challenges posed by the Lutheran Reformation? (1985) Describe and analyze the ways in which sixteenth-century Roman Catholics defended their faith against the Protestant Reformation. (1991) Compare and contrast the Lutheran Reformation and the Catholic Reformation of the sixteenth century regarding the reform of both religious doctrines and religious practices. (1998) Discuss the political and social consequences of the Protestant Reformation in the first half of the sixteenth century. (2001) To what extent did political authorities influence the course of the Protestant Reformation in the sixteenth century? (2002 Form B) Compare and contrast the motives and actions of Martin Luther in the German states and King Henry VIII in England in bringing about the religious change during the Reformation. (2005) Analyze the aims, methods, and degree of success of the Catholic Reformation (Counter-Reformation) in the sixteenth century. (2006) How and to what extent did the methods and ideals of Renaissance humanism contribute to the Protestant Reformation? (2006 Form B) Analyze the impacts of the Protestant Reformation and the Catholic Reformation (Counter Reformation) on the social order of sixteenth-century Europe. (2009 Form B) Analyze the various Protestant views of the relationship between church and state in the period circa 1500-1700. (2010) Contrast Renaissance Florence with Reformation Geneva with respect to religion, government and everyday life. (2011 Form B) Describe and analyze the ways in which the development of printing altered both the culture and the religion of Europe during the period 1450-1600. (1988) Why were Europeans able to achieve economic and political control over many non-European people between 1450 and 1750? (1976-1983) Explain how economic, intellectual, political, and religious factors promoted European explorations from about 1450 to about 1525. Explain how advances in learning and technology influenced fifteenth- and sixteenth-century European exploration and trade. (2003) “In the fifteenth century, European society was still centered on the Mediterranean region, but by the end of the seventeenth century, the focus of Europe had shifted north.” Identify and analyze the economic developments between 1450 and 1700 that helped bring about this shift. (1989) Analyze the changes in the European economy from about 1450 to 1700 brought about by the voyages of exploration and by colonization. Give specific examples. (1992) Focusing on the period before 1600, describe and analyze the cultural and economic interactions between Europe and the Western Hemisphere as a result of the Spanish and Portuguese exploration and settlement. (1997) Describe and analyze how overseas expansion by European states affected global trade and international relations from 1600 to 1715. (2001) How and to what extent did the Commercial Revolution transform the European economy and diplomatic balance of power in the period from 1650 to 1763? (2006 Form B) Analyze the effects of the Columbian exchange (the interchange of plants, animals, and diseases between the Old World and the New World) on the population and economy of Europe in the period 1150 to 1700. (2006) Analyze the impact of the major developments of the Commercial Revolution on Europe’s economy and society in the period 1650 to 1789. (2009 Form B) Analyze the various effects of the expansion of the Atlantic trade on the economy of Western Europe in the period circa 1450-1700. (2010) Analyze various ways in which technological developments contributed to the expansion of state power in the period 1450 to 1600. (2012A) In 1519 Charles of Hapsburg became Charles V, Holy Roman emperor. Discuss and analyze the political, social, and religious problems he faced over the course of his imperial reign (1519—1556). (1990) “Leadership determines the fate of a country.” Evaluate this quotation in terms of Spain’s experience under Philip II. (2000) Analyze the factors that contributed to the increasing centralization of Spain and the factors that contributed to the continuing fragmentation of Italy in the period 1450-1550. (2011) In 1490 there was no such country as Spain, yet within a century it had become the most powerful nation in Europe and within another had sunk to the status of a third-rate power. Describe and analyze the major social, economic, and political reasons for Spain’s rise and fall. (1993) Evaluate the relative importance of the religious rivalries and dynastic ambitions that shaped the course of the Thirty Years’ War. (1976-1983) Discuss the relationship between politics and religion by examining the wars of religion. Choose TWO specific examples from the following: (1999) Dutch Revolt French Wars of Religion English Civil War Thirty Years’ War Compare and Contrast the religious policies of TWO of the following: (2002) Elizabeth I of England Catherine de Médicis of France Isabella I of Spain Analyze the factors that prevented the development of a unified German state in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. (2007) Analyze the reasons for the decline of the Holy Roman Empire as a force in European politics in the period 1517 to 1648. (2008 Form B) Analyze the various ways in which the Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648) represented a turning point in European history. (2009) In the seventeenth century, what political conditions accounted for the increased power of both the Parliament in England and the monarchy in France? (1976-1983) In the seventeenth century, England and the Netherlands developed effective capitalist economies while Spain did not. Why did the economies develop so differently in England and the Netherlands, on one hand, and in Spain, on the other? (1976-1983) “Absolutism was the indispensable counterpart of mercantilism.” Evaluate this statement with reference to England AND France between 1648 and 1715. (1976-1983) Why did absolutism flourish in France but decline in England in the second half of the seventeenth century? (1976-1983) “In seventeenth-century England the aristocracy lost its privileges but retained its power; in seventeenth-century France the aristocracy retained its privileges but lost its power.” Assess the accuracy of this statement with respect to political events and social developments in the two countries in the seventeenth century. (1985) Describe and analyze the changes in the role of Parliament in English politics between the succession of James I and the Glorious Revolution. (1993) In the seventeenth century, how did England and the Dutch Republic compete successfully with France and Spain for control of overseas territory and trade? (1986) Explain the reasons for the rise of the Netherlands as a leading commercial power in the period 1550-1650. (2004 Form B) Compare and contrast the economic factors responsible for the decline of Spain with then economic factors responsible for the decline of the Dutch Republic by the end of the seventeenth century. (2009) Analyze the ways in which both the theory and the practice of monarchy evolved in England from 1603 (death of Elizabeth I) to 1688-1689 (the Glorious Revolution). (1987) In what ways and to what extent did absolutism affect the power and status of the European nobility in the period 1650 to 1750? Use examples from at least TWO countries. (2002) Phillip II of Spain (1556-1598) built the Escorial and Louis XIV of France (1643-1715) built Versailles. Starting with the pictures of these palaces, below and on the next page, analyze the similarities and differences in the conception and practice of monarchy of these two kings. (1988) Analyze the influence of the theory of mercantilism on the domestic and foreign policies of France, 1600-1715. (1995) Louis XIV declared his goal was “one king, one law, one faith.” Analyze the methods the king used to achieve this objective and discuss the extent to which he was successful. (2003) How did the diplomacy of Russia and England between 1689 and 1725 alter the continental balance of power established by the Peace of Westphalia? (1976-1983) Analyze the major ways through which Tsar Peter the Great (1689-1752) sought to reform his society and its institutions in order to strengthen Russia and its position in Europe. (1989) Analyze the military, political, and social factors that account for the rise of Prussia between 1640 and 1786. (1991) Compare and contrast the goals and major policies of Peter the Great of Russia (ruled 1682-1725) with those of Frederick the Great of Prussia (ruled 1740-1786). (2002 Form B) Explain why Europe saw no lasting peace in the period between the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 and the Peace of Paris in 1763. (2003 Form B) Analyze the economic, technological, and institutional factors responsible for western Europe’s domination of world trade from 1650 to 1800. (2005) Britain and France were engaged in a geopolitical and economic rivalry during the eighteenth century. Identify the factors that contributed to this rivalry, and assess the results for both countries over the period 1689 to 1789. (2007) Compare and contrast the economic and social development of Russia with that of the Netherlands in the period 1600-1725. (2010 Form B) Describe the challenges to royal authority in Eastern Europe in the seventeenth and eighteenth ccenturies and evaluate the effectiveness of those challenges. (2011 Form B) Describe and analyze the impact of the rise of Russia on international relations in Europe in the period from 1685 to 1815. (2011 Form B) “By 1700, it had become evident that Western Europe and Eastern Europe were moving in opposite directions in terms of their basic social structures.” Discuss. (1976-1983) Describe and analyze the economic, cultural, and social changes that led to and sustained Europe’s rapid population growth in the period from approximately 1650-1800. (1997) Analyze at least TWO factors that account for the rise and TWO factors that explain the decline of witchcraft persecution and trials in Europe in the period from 1580 to 1750. (2002) Analyze the impact of TWO cultural and/or technological developments on European education in the period 1450 to 1650. (2008 Form B) How did the works of Michelangelo and Rembrandt reflect the different social and intellectual conditions of Italy in the late Renaissance and the Netherlands in the seventeenth century? (1976-1983) Analyze the ways in which European monarchs used both the arts and the sciences to enhance state power in the period circa 1500-1800. (2010) Analyze various ways in which religious reform in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries influenced the arts. (2012 A) Analyze the ways in which the contrasting styles of these two paintings reflect the different economic values and social structures of France and the Netherlands in the seventeenth century. (1999) It has been said that the cultural flowering occurs at time of relative economic stress, or distress. Test this theory with reference to TWO of the following: (1976-1983) Italy in the Age of Rennaissance Spain from 1550 to 1650 The Netherlands in the seventeenth century “Nature and nature’s laws lay hid in night / God said, ‘Let Newton be,’ and all was light.” The couplet was Alexander Pope’s way of expressing the relationship between the Scientific Revolution and Christianity. What was the effect of seventeenth-century science on Christianity, and how did each react to each other? (1976-1983) How did the developments in scientific thought from Copernicus to Newton create a new conception of the universe and of humanity’s place within it? (1984) Describe the new astronomy of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and analyze the ways in which it changed scientific thought and methods. (1991) Explain the development of the scientific method in the seventeenth century and the impact of scientific thinking on traditional sources of authority. (2000) Analyze how Galileo, Descartes, and Newton altered traditional interpretations of nature and challenged traditional sources of knowledge. (2009) Trace the evolution of religious tolerance as a potential practice and assess the factors behind its development from the Reformation through the Enlightenment. (1976-1983) Compare and contrast the cultural views of the sixteenth-century Northern Renaissance with those of the Enlightenment. (1976-1983) In what ways did Enlightenment thinkers build on or make use of the ideas of Newton and Locke? (1983) How did the social and political conditions in eighteenth-century Western Europe prior to 1788 influence the ideas of the Enlightenment? (1976-1983) In a well-organized essay, discuss how the Enlightenment was an attempt to apply the principles of the Scientific Revolution to the problems of society. (1976-1983) How did the concept of unchanging natural law affect the social and political thinking of the eighteenth-century Enlightenment? (1976-1983) Compare and contrast the views of Machiavelli and Rousseau on human nature and the relationship between government and the governed. (1984) “In the eighteenth century, people turned to the new science f or a better understanding of the social and economic problems of the day.” Assess the validity of this statement by using specific examples from the Enlightenment era. (1988) Analyze the ways in which specific intellectual and scientific developments of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries contributed to the emergence of the religious outlook known as “Deism.” (1990) Assess the impact of the Scientific Revolution on religion and philosophy in the period 1550 to 1750. (2004) Analyze and discuss attitudes and reactions toward the participation of women in the sciences during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. (1976-1983) Analyze the ways in which Enlightenment thought addressed religious beliefs and social issues in the eighteenth century. (1994) To what extent did the enlightenment express optimistic ideas in eighteenth-century Europe? Illustrate your answer with references to specific individuals and their works. (1998) Compare and contrast two theories of government introduced in the period from 1640 to 1780. (2002 Form B) Both Jean-Baptiste Colbert (1619-1683) and Adam Smith (1723-1790) sought to increase the wealth of their respective countries. How did their recommendations differ? (2002 Form B) Compare and contrast the political ideas of Hobbes and Locke. (2008 Form B) Between 1450 and 1800, many women gained power as rulers, some as reigning queens, others as regents. Identify two such powerful women and discuss how issues of gender, such as marriage and reproduction, influenced their ability to obtain and exercise power. (1994) Compare the rise of absolute monarchy and enlightened despotism in Prussia with the rise of absolute monarchy and enlightened despotism in Austria from the late seventeenth century to the eve of the French Revolution. (1976-1983) To what extent did ONE of the following apply the ideas of philosophy in the administration of the state? (1976-1983) Catherine II of Russia Frederick II of Prussia Joseph II of Austria Machiavelli suggested that a ruler should behave both “like a lion” and “like a fox”. Analyze the policies of TWO of the following European rulers, indicating the degree to which they successfully followed Machiavelli’s suggestion. (1999) Choose two: Elizabeth of England Henry IV of France Catherine the Great of Russia Frederick II of Prussia Describe and analyze the influence the influence of the Enlightenment on both elite culture and popular culture in the eighteenth century. (2003 Form B) Compare and contrast the attitudes or actions of TWO of the following with respect to the role that government should play in society: (1976-1983) Frederick the Great Adam Smith Robespierre Analyze the intellectual foundations of religious toleration in eighteenth-century Europe. (2006 Form B) Analyze the methods and degrees of success of Russian political and social reform from the period of Peter the Great (1689-1725) through Catherine the Great (1762-1796). (2008) Analyze the extent to which Frederick the Great of Prussia and Joseph II of Austria advanced and did not advance Enlightenment ideals during their reigns. (2009) Analyze the ways in which the ideas of seventeenth-century thinkers John Locke and Isaac Newton contributed to the ideas of eighteenth-century Enlightenment thinkers. (2010 Form B) To what extent did the policies of the revolutionaries embody the ideas of the French Revolution, liberty, equality, and fraternity during ONE of the following periods: (1976-1983) 1789-1792 1792-1794 “The essential cause of the French Revolution was the collision between a powerful, rising bourgeoisie and an entrenched aristocracy defending its privileges.” Assess the validity of this statement as an explanation of the events leading up to the French Revolution of 1789. (1984) To what extent and in what ways was the French Revolution during the period 1789 through the Reign of Terror (1794) an attempt to create a government based on Enlightenment ideals? (1986) “Political leaders committed to radical or extremist goals often exert authoritarian control in the name of higher values.” Support or refute this statement with reference to the political and cultural policies of Robespierre during the French Revolution. (1989) Identify the major social groups in France on the eve of the 1789 Revolution. Assess the extent to which their aspirations were achieved in the period from the meeting of the Estates-General (May 1789) to the declaration of the republic (September 1792). (1996) How and to what extent did Enlightenment ideas about religion and society shape the policies of the French Revolution in the period 1789 to 1799? (2003) Napoleon I is sometimes called the greatest enlightened despot. Evaluate this assessment in terms of Napoleon I’s policies and accomplishments. Be sure to include a definition of enlightened despotism in your answer. (1976-1983) “Napoleon was a child of the Enlightenment.” Assess the validity of the statement above. Use examples referring both to specific aspects of the Enlightenment and to Napoleon’s policies and attitudes. (1992) Identify the grievances of the groups that made up the Third Estate in France on the eve of the French Revolution, and analyze the extent to which ONE of these groups was able to address its grievances in the period 1789-1799. (2007) Analyze the ways in which the events of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic period (1789-1815 led people to challenge Enlightenment views of society, politics, and human nature. (2008) Assess the ways in which woman participated in and influenced TWO of the following: (2010 Form B) The Renaissance The Reformation The French Revolution Analyze how the political and economic problems of the English and French monarchies led to the English Civil War and French Revolution. (2011) Analyze various ways in which government policies during the Revolutionary and Napoleonic era contributed to a greater sense of French national identity in the period 179 to 1815. (2012 A) Describe the ways in which conservative political and social views shaped the peace settlement of the Congress of Vienna. Explain the consequences of the peace settlement for the period 1815 to 1848. (1993) How did the technological change and laissez-faire policy during the Industrial Revolution (1750-1850) alter the social and economic conditions for the laboring classes in England? (1976-1983) Discuss the combination of social, cultural, political, and economic factors that allowed Great Britain to be the first nation to industrialize. (1976-1983) Identify features of the eighteenth-century Agricultural Revolution and analyze its social and economic consequences. (2003) Identify the social and economic factors in pre-industrial England that explain why England was the first country to industrialize. (1983) Discuss three developments that enabled Great Britain to achieve a dominant economic position between 1700 and 1830. (2000) Between 1750 and 1850 more and more Western Europeans were employed in cottage industry and in factory production. Analyze how these two types of employment effected employer-employee relations, working conditions, family relations, and the standard of living during this period. (1989) Describe and analyze the changes that led to Europe’s rapid population growth in the eighteenth century. (2008) Between 1815 and 1848 the condition of the laboring classes and the problem of political stability were critical issues in England. Describe and analyze the reforms that social critics and politicians of this period proposed to resolve these problems. (1991) Describe and analyze the issues and ideas in the debate in Europe between 1750 and 1846 over the proper role of government in the economy. Give specific examples. (1992) Analyze how economic and social developments affected women in England in the period from 1700 to 1850. (2005) How do you account for the fact that Russia did not undergo a major social and political transformation from 1715-1850? (1976-1983) In February 1848, the middle classes and workers in France joined to overthrow the government of Louis Philippe. By June the two groups were at odds in their political, economic, and social thinking. Analyze what transpired to divide the groups and describe the consequences for French politics. (1990) Compare and contrast political liberalism with political conservatism in the first half of the nineteenth century in Europe. (2003 Form B) Analyze the shifts in the European balance of power in the period between 1763 and 1848. (2004 Form B) Analyze the extent to which conservatives in continental Europe were successful in achieving their goals in the years between 1815 and 1851. Draw your examples from al least two states. (2011 Form B) “Classicism dominated the eighteenth century; romanticism the first half of the nineteenth century.” Evaluate this generalization with reference to ONE of the following pairs: (1976-1983) Mozart David Pope Beethoven Delacroix Wordsworth Discuss the extent to which nineteenth-century romanticism was or was not a conservative cultural and intellectual movement. (1976-1983) Discuss some of the ways in which Romantic artists, musicians, and writers responded to political and socioeconomic conditions in the period from 1800-1850. Document your response with specific examples from discussions of at least two of the three disciplines: visual arts, music, and literature. (1997) Describe and analyze the differences in the ways in which artists and writers portrayed the individual during the Italian Renaissance and the Romantic era of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. (2002 Form B) Analyze three examples of the relationship between Romanticism and nationalism before 1850. (2003) To what extent did romanticism challenge Enlightenment views of human beings and of the natural world? (2004 Form B) Compare and contrast Enlightenment and Romantic views of nature, with reference to specific individuals and their works. (2011) Analyze the differences between the political ideals expressed in the visual arts of the Renaissance (fifteenth-sixteenth centuries) and the political ideals expressed in the visual arts of the Neoclassical/Romantic period (eighteenth-nineteenth centuries). (2013) What internal and external factors account for the ascendancy of Prussia over Austria in the struggle for supremacy in the Germanies between 1740 and 1866? (1976-1983) What political and social changes in Western and Central Europe account for the virtual disappearance of revolutionary outbreaks in the half-century following 1848? (1976-1983) How did each of the following strengthen or weaken the influence of churches in Western society? Pick TWO to answer the question. (1976-1983) The formation of the Society of Jesus The emergence of Deism The Kulturkampf Assess the extent to which the unification of Germany under Bismarck led to authoritarian government there between 1871 and 1914. (1988) To what extent did the emancipation of Russian serfs and other reforms in the nineteenth century contribute to the modernization of Russia before the first World War? (1984) Describe the steps taken between 1832 and 1918 to extend the suffrage in England. What groups and movements contributed to the extension of the vote? (1984) Analyze and compare the effects of nationalism on Italian and Austro-Hungarian politics between 1815 and 1914. (1989) Discuss the ways in which European Jews were affected by and responded to liberalism, nationalism, and anti-Semitism in the nineteenth century. (1995) Compare and contrast the foreign policy goals and achievements of Metternich (1815-1848) and Bismarck (1862-1890). (2002) Contrast the impact of nationalism in Germany and the Austrian Empire from 1848 to 1914. (2004) Historians speak of the rise of mass politics in the period from 1880 to 1914. Define this phenomenon and analyze its effect on European politics in this period. (2005) In the period 1815-1900, political liberalization progressed much further in western Europe than in Russia. Analyze the social and economic reasons for this difference. (2006) Analyze the similarities and differences in the methods used by Cavour and Bismarck to bring about the unification of Italy and Germany, respectively. (2008 Form B) Analyze the effects of nationalism on the Austrian Empire in the period 1815 to 1914. (2009 Form B) Compare and contrast how TWO of the following states attempted to hold together their empires in the period circa 1850-1914. (2010) Austria-Hungary Russia Ottoman Empire Compare and contrast the motives for European expansion during the Age of Discovery (fifteenth and sixteenth centuries) and during the Age of New Imperialism (nineteenth and early twentieth centuries). (1976-1983) Assess the nature and importance of economic factors that helped determine the race for the empire among the European powers in the later nineteenth and earlier twentieth centuries. (1976-1983) How and in what ways were economic and political factors responsible for intensifying European imperialist activity in Africa from the mid-nineteenth century to the beginning of the First World War? (1990) Analyze the policies of three European colonial powers regarding Africa between 1871 and 1914. (1997) Analyze the differences between the motives that shaped European colonial expansion in the period 1450-1750 and the motives that shaped European colonial expansion in the period 1850-1914. (2013) “By 1900, the artist had either to be a critic of the times or develop art for its own sake.” Discuss. (1976-1983) Contrast the ways in which the paintings shown (Raphael’s School of Athens and Picasso’s Les Demoiselles d’Avignon) express the artistic and intellectual concerns of the eras in which the works were created. (2004 Form B) Compare and contrast the relationship between the artist and society in the Renaissance/ Reformation period to the relationship between the artist and society in the late nineteenth century. (2006) Discuss how the two structures shown above reflect the societies and cultures that produce them. (2006 Form B) Analyze artistic and literary responses to industrialization over the course of the nineteenth century. (2009 Form B) Identify and explain the similarities and differences between socialism and liberalism in nineteenth-century Europe. (1976-1983) “Historians tell us that great periods of intellectual activity are likely to follow periods where there had occurred the discovery of new facts about the same nature of the world and a wide extension of a sense of personal liberty.” In what ways do the ideas and times of either Locke or Marx support and illustrate this thesis? (1976-1983) “One great mind can change the ways that man looks at himself and his world.” Discuss with reference to EITHER Marx or Freud. (1976-1983) Analyze and compare the criticisms of society contained in the writings of TWO of the following: (1976-1983) Erasmus Voltaire Marx How did TWO of the following men affect the way of thinking during the century indicated? (1976-1983) Descartes in the 17th century Newton in the 18th century Darwin in the 19th century Freud in the 20th century To what extent did TWO of the following believe that social improvement could be achieved through legislation? (1976-1983) Thomas Malthus Karl Marx Jeremy Bentham Robert Owen How and in what ways did the writings of Karl Marx draw on the Enlightenment concepts of progress, natural law, and reason? (1987) Describe and compare the differences among Utopian socialists, Karl Marx, and Revisionist socialists in their critiques of nineteenth-century European economy and society. (1988) To what extent did Marx and Freud each challenge the nineteenth-century liberal belief in rationality and progress? (1985) Describe and analyze the ways in which Marxism, Freudianism, and the women‘s movement challenged traditional European beliefs before the First World War. (1991) Contrast how a Marxist and a Social Darwinist would account for the differences in the conditions of these two mid-nineteenth-century families. (two pictures are shown) (1999) Evaluate how the ideas of Charles Darwin and Sigmund Freud challenged Enlightenment assumptions about human behavior and the role of reason. (2000) Analyze the ways in which the theories of both Darwin and Freud challenged traditional European ways of thinking about religion, morality, and human behavior in the period circa 1850-1950. (2010) Analyze the differences between the impact of Newtonian physics on European culture and the impact of Darwinian biology on European culture. (2013) Analyze the ways in which TWO of the following groups challenged British liberalism between 1880 and 1914. (2008 Form B) Feminists Irish nationalists Socialists Discuss the ways in which European Jews were affected by and responded to liberalism, nationalism, and anti-Semitism in the nineteenth century. (1976-1983) Discuss the effects of the industrial economy on Western European peasant women and working-class women from 1830 to 1914. (1993) European women’s lives changed in the course of the 19th century politically, economically, and socially. Identify and explain the reasons for those changes. (2008) Analyze the major factors responsible for the rise of anti-Semitism in 19th century Europe. (2008) Analyze the key developments that characterized the European economy in the second half of the nineteenth century. (1995) Evaluate the effectiveness of collective responses by workers to industrialization in Western Europe during the course of the nineteenth century. (1986) These two pictures suggest technological and urban transformations characteristic of modern Europe. Using the pictures as a starting point, describe the extent of these changes and their effects on working and middle-class Europeans in the second half of the nineteenth century. (1987) Describe the physical transformation of European cities in the second half of the nineteenth century and analyze the social consequences of this transformation. (1996) Analyze what the differences in leisure activities shown in the two paintings on the preceding page reflect about the social life of peasants in the sixteenth century and of urban dwellers in the nineteenth century. (1990) Compare and contrast the roles of British working women in the pre-industrial economy (before 1750) with their roles in the era 1850 to 1920. (1998) Man for the field and woman for the hearth: Man for the sword and for the needle she: Man with the head and women from the heart: Man to command woman to obey: How accurately do the lines of poetry above reflect gender roles for European men and women in the late nineteenth century? (2000) Analyze how and why western European attitudes toward children and child-rearing changed in the period from 1750 to 1900. (2001) How did new theories in physics and psychology in the period from 1900 to 1939 challenge existing ideas about the individual and society? (2001) There were a number of factors that delayed the industrialization of Eastern Europe. Discuss them and compare them with the factors that encouraged the earlier industrialization of Western Europe. (1976-1983) Describe and analyze responses to industrialization by the working class between 1850 and 1914. (2003 Form B) Analyze the major social, political, and technological changes that took place in European warfare between 1789 and 1918. Analyze the problems and opportunities associated with the rapid urbanization of Western Europe in the nineteenth century. (2007) Analyze the development of the various forms of European socialism in the 1800’s. (2010 Form B) Analyze how industrialization and imperialism contributed to the development of consumer culture in the period 1850-1914. (2011) In the last nineteenth century, millions of workers and intellectuals proclaimed themselves socialists, yet few worked toward the violent revolution predicted by Karl Marx. Analyze the major factors that account for this phenomenon. (2011 Form B) Analyze the impact of science and technology on European society in the period from 1800-1900. (2011 Form B) Analyze the ways in which the rise of the middle class affected family structure and gender roles in Europe in the 1800s. (2012A) What aspects of Russian society and institutions were most changed and what aspects least changed by the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917? Limit your discussion to the first 10 years (1917-1927) of the new regime and account for the changes you note. (1976-1983) Compare and contrast the Bolshevik seizure of power in Russia (March 1917 – January 1918) with the Jacobin seizure of power in France (May 1789 – October 1792). (1976-1983) “Every successful revolution puts on, in time, the robes of the first tyrant it has deposed.” Evaluate this statement with regard to the English Revolution (1640-1660), the French Revolution (1789-1815), and the Russian Revolution (1917-1930). (1976-1983) Analyze the “conservatism” of TWO of the following: (1976-1983) Metternich Nicholas I Disraeli Describe and analyze the long-term social and economic trends in the period 1860 to 1917 that prepared the ground for revolution in Russia. (1994) “The tsarist regime fell in 1917 because it had permitted tremendous change and progress in some areas while trying to maintain a political order that had outlived its time.” Assess the validity of this statement as an explanation of the abdication of Nicholas II in 1917. (1987) In what ways and why did Lenin alter Marxism? (1983) Compare and contrast the roles of the peasantry and of urban workers in the French Revolution of 1789 to those of the peasantry and of urban workers in the Russian Revolution of 1917. (1985) Compare and contrast the extent to which the French Revolution (1789-1799) and the Russian Revolution (1917-1924) changed the status of women. (2004) Compare and contrast the crises in state authority that precipitated the French Revolution in 1789 and the February and October Revolutions in Russia in 1917. (2009 Form B) Analyze and assess the extent to which the First World War accelerated European social change in such areas as work, sex roles, and government involvement in everyday life. (1988) To what extent and in what ways did nationalist tensions in the Balkans between 1870 and 1914 contribute to the outbreak of the First World War? (1998) Discuss and analyze the political and economic reasons for the failure of parliamentary democracy in Germany after the First World War. (1994) Analyze the impact of the First World War on European culture and society in the interwar period (1919-1939). (2002) From 1830 to 1933, the lower classes have used a direct-action protest ranging from strikes and riots to revolution as a means of effecting social and political change. Using specific examples from France and Germany, write an essay in which you explain the effectiveness of such means in bringing about political changes. (1976-1983) Compare the treatment of the defeated states by the victors at the end of the Napoleonic Wars with the treatment of the defeated states by the victors at the end of the First World War. (1976-1983) Compare and contrast the efforts to ensure European collective security that were made by the victorious powers between 1815 and 1830 (after the Napoleonic Wars) with those made by the various powers between 1918 and 1933 (after the First World War). (1985) Compare and contrast the degree of success of treaties negotiated in Vienna (1814-1815) and Versailles (1919) in achieving European stability. (1999) Contrast European diplomacy in the periods 1890 to 1914 and 1918 to 1939, respectively. Include in your analysis goals, practices, and results. (1992) Compare and contrast the relationships between the great powers and Poland in the periods 1772-1815 and 1918-1939. (1996) Considering the period 1918 to 1948, analyze the political and diplomatic problems faced by TWO of the following newly created Eastern European states. (2009) Austria Czechoslovakia Hungary Poland What policies of the Stalinist government perpetrated the essential features of the tsarist regime under Nicholas II (1894-1917)? (1976-1983) Why did Germany’s experiment with parliamentary democracy between 1919 and 1933 fail? (1976-1983) Discuss and analyze the political and economic reasons for the failure of parliamentary democracy in Germany after the First World War. (1976-1983) Compare and contrast the methods used by Louis XIV and Adolph Hitler to enhance their images as leaders of their respective countries. (1976-1983) To what extent can Hitler’s rise to power be attributed to the impact of the depression of 1929-1933? (1976-1983) Compare the economic roles of the state under seventeenth-century mercantilism and twentieth-century communism. Illustrate your answer with references to the economic system during Louis XIV’s reign under Colbert and of the Soviet Union under Stalin. (1976-1983) Compare and contrast the policies of Alexander II and Joseph Stalin with respect to TWO of the following: (1976-1983) The peasantry and land reform Relations with the rest of Europe Freedom of literacy and political expression “The past has a remarkable power to assert itself. Even the most determined breaks with it have often been followed by a compromise with tradition.” Discuss the validity of this statement with reference to ONE of the following. To what extent was each a compromise with tradition? (1976-1983) The English Reformation from 1534-1599 The France of Napoleon I Stalinist Russia Hitler’s Germany “Great changes in history have come about as a result of a combination of men and circumstances.” Discuss with relation to ONE of each of the following pairs: (1976-1983) Calvin and the Protestant Reformation James II and the Glorious Revolution Napoleon III and the establishment of the 2nd empire Bismarck and the unification of Germany Lenin and the Russian Revolution Mussolini and Fascism in Italy Compare the rise to power of fascism in Italy and in Germany. (1983) “Dictators in twentieth-century Europe have had much greater control over culture and society than had divine right monarchs of earlier centuries.(1993) Compare and contrast the extent to which Catherine the Great and Joseph Stalin were ‘‘Westernizers.” (1995) Compare and contrast the French Jacobins’ use of state power to achieve revolutionary goals during the terror (1793-1794) with Stalin’s use of state power to achieve revolutionary goals in the Soviet Union during the period 1928 to 1939. (2001) Compare and contrast the ways that seventeenth-century absolute monarchs and twentieth-century dictators gained and maintained their power. (2004 Form B) Assess the extent to which the economic and political ideals of Karl Marx were realized in postrevolutionary Russia in the period from 1917 to 1939. (2005) Analyze the ways in which the policies of Joseph Stalin transformed the policies of Vladimir Lenin. (2011) Account for the responses of the European democracies to the military aggression by Italy and Germany during the 1930’s. (1997) “1914-1918 marks a turning point in the intellectual and cultural history of Europe.” Defend, refute, or modify this statement with reference to the generation before and the generation after the First World War. (1976-1983) Experimentation and an interest in the irrational marked the culture of the years between the two world wars (1918-1939). Select any two European works of art or literature from this period and describe their significance. (1976-1983) Compare and contrast the patronage of the arts by the Italian Renaissance rulers with that by the dictators of the 1930’s. (1996) To what extent and in what ways did intellectual developments in Europe in the period 1880-1920 undermine confidence in human rationality and in a well-ordered, dependable universe? (1983) To what extent and in what ways has twentieth-century physics challenged the Newtonian view of the universe and society? (1986) How and in what ways did European painting or literature reflect the disillusionment in society between 1815 and 1914. Support your answer with specific artistic or literary examples. (1989) Compare and contrast the ways in which the two works of art reproduced below and on the next page express the artistic styles and political issues of their times. (Goya’s “The Third of May, 1808”, 1814-1815, Picasso’s “Guernica”, 1937) (1984) Analyze the ways in which technology and mass culture contributed to the success of dictators in the 1920’s and 1930’s. (2004) Analyze the participation of European women in the economy and in politics from 1914 to 1939. Use examples from at least TWO countries. (2004 Form B) “Every war creates illusions and is conducted in the name of unrealizable ideals.” Evaluate this statement by comparing goals for which the First World War was fought to those for which the Second World War was fought. (1976-1983) Analyze anti-Semitism in Europe from the Dreyfus affair in the 1890’s to 1939. (2006 Form B) Considering the period 1933 to 1945, analyze the economic, diplomatic, and military reasons for Germany’s defeat in the Second World War. (2006) Analyze the impact of the rise of militarism and the Second World War on the lives of European women. In your answer consider the period 1930 to 1950. (2007) Analyze various ways in which ideology shaped the foreign policy Nazi Germany in the period 1933 through 1945. (2012A) Analyze the factors that led to the rise of right-wing authoritarian regimes in continental Europe in the interwar period (1919 to 1939). (2013) Analyze the ways in which the Cold War affected the political development of European nations from the end of the Second World War in 1945 to the construction of the Berlin Wall in 1961. (1987) Compare and contrast the political and economic effects of the Cold War (1945-1991) on Western Europe with the effects on Eastern Europe. (2001) Describe and analyze the changing relationships between the Soviet Union and Eastern European countries from 1945 to 1970. (1991) Describe and analyze the resistance to Soviet authority in the Eastern bloc from the end of the Second World War through 1989. Be sure to include examples from at least two Soviet satellite countries. (1997) Analyze three reasons for the end of Soviet domination over Eastern Europe. (2003) Assess the strengths and weaknesses of the economic revival of Western Europe between 1945 and 1970. (1986) Analyze the common political and economic problems facing Western European nations in the period 1945-1960 and discuss their responses to these problems. (1994) Using specific examples from Eastern and Western Europe, discuss economic development during the period 1945 to the present, focusing on ONE of the following. (1998) Economic recovery and integration. Development of the welfare state and its subsequent decline. Between 1945 and 1970 virtually all European colonies achieved independence. Discuss the changes within Europe that contributed to this development. (2002 Form B) Compare and contrast the political and economic policies of Joseph Stalin in the period before the Second World War and those of Mikhail Gorbachev (1985-1991). (2000) Many historians have suggested that since 1945, nationalism has been on the decline in Europe. Using both political and economic examples from the period 1945 to 2000, evaluate the validity of this interpretation. (2002) Analyze the factors working for and against European unity from 1945 to 2001. (2004) Compare and contrast the social and economic roles of the state in seventeenth- and eighteenth- century Europe (before 1789) to the social and economic roles of the state in Europe after the Second World War. (2006) Describe and analyze economic policies in Eastern and Western Europe after 1945. (2006 Form B) Considering the period 1953-1991, analyze the problems within the Soviet Union that contributed to the eventual collapse of the Soviet System. (2007) Analyze the long-term and short-term factors responsible for the disintegration of communist rule in TWO of the following states: (2009) Czechoslovakia East Germany Hungary Poland Analyze the factors that led to the expansion of the welfare state in Western Europe in the mid-twentieth century. (2013) “Every age projects its own images into its art.” Assess the validity of this statement with reference to two representative twentieth-century works in either the visual or the literary arts. (1976-1983) Download 158.18 Kb. Share with your friends:
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