Abbasids rulers of the Islamic caliphate from 750-1258; made Baghdad their capital and increased the Persian influence in Islam; lost most of their real power in the 900s Achaeans
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World History Terms, up to 1500 A.D. Abbasids -- rulers of the Islamic caliphate from 750-1258; made Baghdad their capital and increased the Persian influence in Islam; lost most of their real power in the 900s Achaeans -- Indo-European raiders who invaded the Balkan Peninsula c. 1800 B.C. Battle of Actium -- naval battle of 31 B.C. between Antony's forces and Octavian's forces under Agrippa; Agrippa's victory led to the deaths of Mark Antony and Cleopatra and the establishment of the Roman Empire Battle of Adrianople -- occurred in 378 between Visigoths and Romans; Visigoth victory displayed the weakness of the Roman Empire to all Battle of Agincourt -- 1415 between English and French; English force of 6-7,000 with superior technology (longbows and pikes) rout a much larger French force Ainu -- aboriginal tribe of ancient Japan; later driven north to Hokkaido, Sakhalin, and the Kuriles by Oriental invaders Alaric -- king of the Visigoths who sacked Rome in 410 Albertus Magnus -- 13th century scholar known as the Universal Doctor; considered the intellectual leader of Northern Europe Albigensianism -- heresy of Southern France in the 12th and 13th centuries; claimed that good deity created spirit world and sent Jesus and that evil deity created material world; attacked by a Crusade Alcuin -- 8th century English scholar; asked by Charlemagne to establish universties; leader of the Carolingian Renaissance Allodial land -- land owned independently of the feudal system Amorites -- a Semitic people who invaded and settled in the Fertile Crescent and Sumeria between 2000 and 1800 B.C. as part of the First Mass Migration; established the First Babylonian Kingdom Anatolia -- another name for Asia Minor Apella -- the Spartan assembly of all male citizens Arameans -- Second Mass Migration tribe who invaded northern Palestine and Syria c. 1200 B.C.; their language became the common business language of the day and is said to have been the daily language of Jesus Battle of Arbela -- October 1, 331 B.C. between Alexander the Great and Darius III; Alexander crushed Persian Army; also called Gaugamela Archon -- one of the city officials of Athens Areopagus -- special council of 51 judges in Athens; revived by Solon Arianism -- Christian heresy which denied the divinity of Jesus; condemned by the first council of Nicaea in 325 Aristides -- "The Just"; Athenian general at the battle of Plataea with Pausanis of Sparta; maneuvered Athens to prominence in the Delian League Asoka -- ruler of India (Maurya dynasty) 274-236 B.C.; converted empire to Buddhism and tried to end caste system; "Asoka's wheel" is on India's present flag Assurbanipal -- last great king of the Assyrian Empire (668-626 B.C.); established the library at Nineveh Assurnasurapli II -- first king of the Assyrian Empire (883-859 B.C.); expanded the Assyrian Empire and developed the first organized cavalry Atilla -- king of the Huns who led the invasion of western Europe c. 450 Battle of Bannockburn -- 1329 victory of Scots under Robert the Bruce over English under Edward II; secured Scottish independence from England Saint Thomas a Becket -- Archbishop of Canterbury; murdered by Henry II; subject of numerous literary works Belisarius -- Byzantine general under Justinian; conquered the Vandals and the Ostrogoths Saint Benedict of Nursia -- established the first Western monastery at Monte Cassino (Italy) in 529 Battle of Bosworth Field -- 1485; Henry VII becomes King of England, ushering in Tudor dynasty; Richard III slain Byzantine Empire -- term used for the Eastern Roman Empire after the fall of the Western Empire in A.D. 476; lasted nominally until 1453 Gaius Caligula -- Roman emperor assassinated by the Praetorian Guard in 41; nickname means "little boot" Cambyses II -- succeeded his father Cyrus the Great as king of Persia; added Egypt to the Persian Empire Canaanites -- inhabitants of Palestine c. 1200 B.C. Battle of Cannae -- 216 B.C.; Second Punic War battle in which Carthaginians under Hannibal rout the Roman army under Varro and Paulus; 85,000 Roman casualties; worst defeat in Roman history Canute the Great -- Scandinavian king who ruled England, Denmark, Sweden, and Norway; first king to unite the Norse world Battle of Cape Mycale -- 479 B.C.; Greek allied army under Pausanis surprises the Persian fleet and destroys it Hugh Capet -- became the first King of France in 987; established the Capetian dynasty Battle of Carrhae -- 53 B.C.; Romans under Crassus defeated by the Parthians; Crassus killed Cato the Elder -- Roman senator; famous for ending all his speeches with "Carthage must be destroyed" Celts -- a First Mass Migration tribe that settled in northwestern Europe c. 2000 B.C. Chaldeans -- Second Mass Migration tribe, originally from Saudi Arabia, that attacked and destroyed the Kassites c. 1200 B.C.; rebuilt the city of Babylon (for this reason they are sometimes referred to as Neo-Babylonians) Battle of Chalons -- 451 between an alliance of Western peoples under Roman commanders and the Huns under Atilla; Atilla's advance into Western Europe halted Champollion, Jean-Francois -- Frenchman who deciphered the Rosetta Stone in 1822 Chandragupta -- grandfather of Asoka who founded the Maurya dynasty Chares -- Greek architect of the Colossus of Rhodes Charlemagne -- king of the Franks; given the title "Holy Roman Emperor" in 800 Charles Martel -- served as Mayor of the Palace (Frankish second-in-command) from 714-741; son of Pepin II of Heristal and grandfather of Charlemagne; defeated the Arabs at Tours Cicero -- Roman statesman and Senator; beheaded in 43 B.C. by agents of Mark Antony Cimon -- became Polemarch of Athens in 478 B.C.; created the Delian League and hoped to continue the war with Persia Cleisthenes -- established the first democracy in 508 B.C.; known as the "father of democracy" Cleopatra VII -- Queen of Egypt from 48-30 B.C.; had affairs with Antony and Julius Caesar Constantine the Great -- emperor of the Western Roman Empire from 312-324; reunited the Empire briefly prior to his death (324-337) Consuls -- the two commanders of the army of the Roman Republic; they were elected by the Curiata for one-year terms and also served as executives of the government Battle of Crecy -- 1339 between English under Edward III and French under Phillip VI; English victory mainly due to archers Croesus -- last king of Lydia (reigned until about 560 B.C.); said to have been the richest man in the world; visisted Oracle at Delphi about whether to battle Cyrus the Great and misunderstood the answer. (According to legend, the Oracle told Croesus that a great empire would fall if he went to war; the empire turned out to be Lydia instead of Persia.) Crypteia -- the Spartan secret police Battle of Cumae -- naval battle of 474 B.C.; combined Carthaginian/Greek forces defeated the Etruscans; broke Etruscan power in Italy Cuneiform -- wedge-shaped system of writing used by the Sumerians Cyaxares -- king of the Medes who helped overthrow Assyria Cyrus II (the Great) -- king of the Medes and Persians 550 B.C. - 529 B.C.; established the Achamenid Persian Empire Darius I -- king of Persia 524 B.C. - 486 B.C.; started the war with the Greek city-states; made Zoroastrianism the state religion Datis the Mede -- commanded the Persian forces at Marathon Vasco de Gama -- Portuguese explorer who became the first to complete a successful voyage to India in 1498 Delian League -- Athenian parallel to the Peloponnesian League; created by Athens to continue the Persian Wars Diocletian -- Roman Emperor (285-305) who split the Empire into Eastern and Western halves; voluntarily abdicated Doomsday Book -- census done by William the Conqueror in England Draco -- elected Chief Archon of Athens in 620 B.C.; first codified the laws of Athens Eleanor of Aquitane -- wife of Louis VII of France and later Henry II (Plantagenet) of England; mother of Richard the Lionhearted Ephialtes -- traitor who enabled the Persians to defeat the Greeks at Thermopylae Ephors -- the five elected political rulers of Sparta; had absolute political power Essenes -- ascetic Jewish sect of the first century who favored communal withdrawal from society Etruscans -- wandering tribe (not part of any of the Mass Migrations) that settled in north central Italy c. 800 B.C. Fatimids -- line of Shiite caliphs who claimed descent from the daughter of Muhammad; in 973, established their capital in Cairo Fief -- heritable land held from a lord in exchange for services Battle of Fontenoy -- 841 between Charles the Bald/Louis the German (victorious) and Lothair; led to signing of the Treaty of Verdun Gaeseric -- first king of the Vandals (429-456); sacked Rome in 455 Gauls -- tribe of the Second Mass Migration that settled in northwest Europe c. 1000 B.C. Gerousia -- the Spartan council; had 28 members elected for life Gnosticism -- Christian heresy which proclaimed salvation through knowledge; generally dualistic Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus -- brothers who used their positions as tribunes to attempt agrarian reform; members of the Senate rioted and killed them both Gregory I (the Great) -- Pope from 590-640; established the Vatican state Gregory VII -- pope from 1075-1083; outlawed lay investiture Hadrian -- emperor of Rome from 117-137; stopped expansion of the Roman Empire; built Hadrian's Wall in England Hannibal -- general who led the Carthaginian armies from 221-178 B.C. in the Second Punic War; launched a disastrous invasion of Italy in 218 B.C. that turned the war in Rome's favor Harold II -- last Saxon king of England (died 1066) Battle of Hastings -- 1066 between Normans under William and Saxons under Harold II; Norman victory in which Harold was killed paved the way for the Norman conquest of England Hatshepsut -- pharaoh of the 18th Dynasty of the New Kingdom of Egypt; the first recorded woman ruler in history Hebrews and Habriu -- tribes who lived in northeastern Egypt and were later enslaved by Egypt; the Exodus took place during the reign of Ramses II, c. 1240 B.C. Helots -- term for Spartan slaves Henry I -- king of England from 1100-1135; modernized the English government Henry IV (HRE) -- Holy Roman Emperor from 1056-1106; clashed with Pope Gregory VII over lay investiture; forced to submit after papal interdict and rebellion; absolved after doing penance at Canossa in 1077 Herodotus -- first historian; histories are generally not trustworthy due to Herodotus' pro-Greek slant in all his writings Hieroglyphics -- the system of writing used by the ancient Egyptians Hippias -- succeeded his father Peisistratus as Tyrant of Athens; known for his viciousness and cruelty Hittites -- the most ancient of the Indo-European tribes of the First Mass Migration; settled in Asia Minor c. 2100 B.C. House of Hohenstaufen -- ruled the Holy Roman Empire 1138-1254; originated in Swabia Holy Roman Empire -- term used for the Eastern Kingdom of the Franks after 962 Hoplite -- term for an ancient Greek soldier, who was equipped for battle with a sword, spear, and shield Hurrians -- an Indo-European group of tribes that settled in northern Mesopotamia between 2000-1800 B.C. (First Mass Migration); first to use horses Hyksos -- an Indo-European people that conquered Egypt after crossing the Sinai Peninsula c. 1750 B.C.; part of the First Mass Migration Ikhnaten (Akenaton) -- pharoah of the 18th Dynasty of the New Kingdom; introduced monotheism into ancient Egypt Imhotep -- engineer who designed the Step Pyramid (first pyramid) at Sakkara for the pharoah Zoser c. 2750 B.C. Indus -- a river valley in India/Pakistan where one of the four major ancient civilizations developed; major cities include Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro Jacquerie -- peasant revolt in Ile-de-France in 1358; crushed by Charles the Bad of Navarre Jericho -- the oldest village found by archaeologists; located in southern Lebanon, it dates to c. 8000 B.C. Flavius Josephus -- military leader and historian and author of Antiquites of the Jews and History of the Jewish War Battle of Kadesh -- c. 1290 B.C. between Hittites under Muwatalis and Egyptians under Ramses II; Hittite victory; Egypt lost control of Syria Kassites -- Indo-European group that settled in southern Mesopotamia c. 1570 B.C.; gradually replaced the Amorites as the dominant kingdom in the region; created the most stable kingdom of the Second Millenium B.C.; known as the "Third Dynasty of Babylon" Khufu (or Cheops) -- pharoah responsible for construction of the Great Pyramid of Giza c. 2550 B.C. King's Crusade -- name for the Third Crusade because it was led by Richard the Lionhearted of England, Frederick Barbarossa of HRE, and Phillip Augustus of France Knossos -- maze-like capital of the Minoan civilization; built c. 2000 B.C. Kublai Khan -- grandson of Genghis Khan; founded the Yuan dynasty in China Lacedaemonians -- term given the residents of Sparta Latins -- a tribe of the Second Mass Migration that settled the Italian peninsula c. 1000 B.C. Battle of Lechfeld -- 955 in Bavaria between German forces under Otto the Great and the Magyars; the German victory almost completely destroyed the Magyars Legion -- the term for a division of the Roman army; the commander was referred to as a legate Leo the Great -- Bishop of Rome 440-461; first to use the title of "Pope" Leonidas -- Spartan king who led the Greek forces at Thermopylae Lombards -- ancient Germanic people who settled along the Danube in the mid-500s; conquered by the Franks Lycurgus -- Spartan king who introduced into Sparta the reforms which converted Sparta into a military state Lydians -- one of the "Peoples of the Sea"; first tribe to develop coined money, c. 1000 B.C. Lysander -- Spartan military commander; led victorious armies at Notium and Aegospotami; sieged Athens and ended the Peloponnesian War Manor -- the district over which a feudal lord held authority and which was subject to the lord's court Battle of Marathon -- 490 B.C.; Athenian forces under Miltiades crush a much larger Persian force led by Datis the Mede Mardonius -- commander of the main Persian army at Thrace; led the Persian invasion of Greece Mastaba -- a rectangular ancient Egyptian tomb Medes -- Indo-European tribe of the Second Mass Migration who settled in modern Iran c. 1200 B.C.; along with the Persians, the ancestors of modern Iranians Battle of Meggido -- located in modern region of Syria-Palestine; first recorded battle in history Mencius -- pupil and successor of Confucius; expanded Confucian ideas about the Mandate of Heaven Menes -- ruler of Upper Egypt who established the first dynasty; united Upper and Lower Egypt c. 3200 B.C. Mesolithic Age -- Middle Stone Age; c. 100,000 B.C. - c. 6000 B.C. Miltiades -- Athenian leader who opposed Themistocles' ideas; commanded Athenian forces at Marathon Battle of Milvian Bridge -- A.D. 312 near Rome; Constantine victorious after having (supposedly) seen a flaming cross in the sky; Western Roman Empire reunited Minoans -- tribe which established the first civilization on Crete c. 3000 B.C. Mursailis I -- Hittite king who destroyed Babylon in 1595 B.C. Mansa Musa -- emperor of Mali (fl. 14th century); made Timbuktu a center of learning and commerce; promoted the growth of Islam Mycenae -- capital of the Achaeans built c. 1600 B.C. Nabopolassar -- led the rebellion in Babylon in 612 B.C. that collapsed the Assyrian Empire Natufians -- name of the tribe (not a race) of men credited with the building of Jericho Nebuchadnezzar II -- most powerful of the Babylonian (Chaldean) kings; built the Hanging Gardens of Babylon between 604-585 B.C. Neolithic Age -- "New Stone Age"; c. 6000 B.C. - c. 4000 B.C. Nestorianism -- fifth-century heresy that claimed two distinct natures in Christ and objected to the term "Mother of God" for Mary; condemned by the Council of Ephesus in 431 Nome -- territorial division of ancient Egypt Odoacer -- barbarian king who deposed the Roman emperor in 476; seen by historians as the fall of the Western Roman Empire Ogodai Khan -- son of Genghis Khan and father of Kublai Khan; invaded Poland and Hungary; his death in 1241 ended the Mongol advance into Europe Olmecs -- ancient Mexican people considered to be first civilization of Western Hemisphere; noted for stone sculptures and temple cities devoted to a jaguar god Ostracism -- reform iniated by Cleisthenes to prevent return of tyranny to Athens; man with most votes on shards of pottery left the city for ten years Otto the Great -- king of Germany from 936-973; established the Holy Roman Empire Palaeolithic Age -- "Old Stone Age"; Lower Palaeolithic from c. 900,000 B.C. to c. 500,000 B.C.; Upper Palaeolithic from c. 500,000 B.C. to c. 100,000 B.C. Patricians -- the upper land-owning class of the Roman Republic Pearl Poet -- name given to the unknown author of the poem "Sir Gawain and the Green Knight" Peisistratus -- became Tyrant of Athens in 560 B.C. Peloponnesian League -- defensive alliance organized by Sparta c. 500 B.C. "Peoples of the Sea" -- collective name for a mixture of tribes of Indo-European raiders from the Black Sea area; attacked the Nile Delta c. 1040 B.C. Pepi II -- Egyptian pharaoh of the Old Kingdom; ruling for almost 90 years; Old Kingdom collapsed after his death Pepin the Short -- Mayor of the Palace from 741-751; king of the Franks 751-768; father of Charlemagne Perioeci -- Spartan middle class of craftsmen and artisans; were not considered citizens and, therefore, were forbidden to live in Sparta itself Persians -- Indo-European tribe of the Second Mass Migration that settled in modern Iran c. 1200 B.C. Petrine Supremacy -- the doctrine that the pope as Bishop of Rome is the head of the church Phalanx -- the ancient Greek battle unit Pharisees -- first-century Jewish sect who upheld the range of tradition as of equal weight to scriptural law; advocated strict adherence to the holiness code of the Torah Pharoah -- title used for the ancient rulers of Egypt; title literally means "living god" Battle of Pharsalus -- 48 B.C. between forces of Julius Caesar and Pompey; Caesar wins; Pompey flees to Egypt Philistines -- one of the Peoples of the Sea; settled on the coast of Palestine during the Second Mass Migration Philology -- the study of ancient languages Phoenicians -- a tribe which settled the coast of Syria between 1400 and 1000 B.C.; a seafaring tribe, they developed the first phonetic alphabet and were noted throughout the ancient world for their purple cloth Phrygians -- tribe who destroyed the Hittites and settled on their land Picts -- tribe in ancient Britain; first united around the 7th century; united with Kingdom of Dalriada in 843 to form the Kingdom of Scotland Battle of Plataea -- 479 B.C.; Greek allied army under Pausanis defeats the Persian army under Mardonius Plebeians -- the Roman lower class Battle of Poitiers -- 1356 between English under Edward the Black Prince and French under John II; outnumbered English win battle and capture John II and his son, Phillip Polemarch -- member of the Board of 10 Generals in Athens who was also an archon Polytheism -- a belief in many gods Praetorian Guard -- the personal guards of the Roman emperors Primogeniture -- a system under which the oldest son inherits all of the father's holdings Psammetichus -- leader of the Egyptian rebellion in 612 B.C. that overthrew Assyrian rule Punic Wars -- series of three wars between Rome and Carthage over trade in the Western Mediterranean lasting between 265 B.C. and 146 B.C. Pyrrhus -- king of Epirus who launched a war of conquest in central Italy; had to withdraw from the war despite winning every battle because of heavy casualties (the term Pyrrhic victory is now used to refer to a "victory" that costs so much that one wonders if it is a victory) Ramses II -- pharaoh of the 19th Dynasty of the New Kingdom; last great ruler of the New Kingdom Robert the Bruce -- led the Scottish victory at Bannockburn in 1329 Romulus Augustulus -- Roman Emperor deposed by Odoacer in 476; last Roman Emperor Sadducees -- culturally Hellenized Jews of the first century who favored literal interpretation of the Torah and accommodation to Roman rule; denied the resurrection Battle of Salamis -- off the coast of Athens in 480 B.C.; Greek fleet under Themistocles destroyed the entire Persian fleet Sargon I -- established the first recorded empire; established his capital city at Akkad and conquered Sumer; united all of Mesopotamia in 2331 B.C. Publius Scipio Africanus-- commander of the victorious Roman forces in the Second Punic War; defeated Carthage in 202 B.C. Seigneur -- the lord of a manor Sennacherib -- king of Assyria and son of Sargon II; rebuilt Nineveh and destroyed Babylon Serfdom -- the state of being a landworker for a seigneur House of Sforza -- ruled Milan during the 12th-14th centuries Night of the Sicilian Vespers -- 1282; French are expelled from Sicily after a revolt; named because many of the French citizens on the island were massacred while at evening prayers Simony -- the practice of buying and selling church offices; named for Simon Magus, from the Acts of the Apostles Solon -- elected Chief Archon of Athens in 594 B.C.; developed the first timocracy Spartatie -- Spartan upper class of soldiers Flavius Stilicho -- namd head of the army by Theodosius; routed Alaric at Pollentia Suppiluliumas -- great king of the Hittites; ruled approximately 100 years before Ramses II; alternate translation also calls him Shabbiluliu Talmud -- extensive collection of Jewish legal and moral debates and commentaries Tamurlane (Timur the Lame) -- Mongol leader who claimed descent from Genghis Khan; reconquered Persia, Syria, and the Ottoman Turks from 1387-1402; died while planning an invasion of China Battle of Teutoberg Forest (Teutobergerwald)-- A.D. 9; Germanic tribesmen under Arminius rout the Roman army under Varus; Roman expansion east of the Rhine halted Thallasocracy -- term for a naval empire; such an empire was established with the creation of the Delian League Themistocles -- Athenian polemarch who proposed a huge naval buildup to stop the Persians; led Athenians to victory at Salamis in 480 B.C. Theodosius I -- reunited the Empire as Emperor from 379-396; made Christianity the official religion of the Empire Thera -- a Greek island north of Crete; eruption of Santorini volcano there in 1471 B.C. caused a tidal wave which destroyed most of the Minoan civilization; believed to be the inspiration for the legend of Atlantis Battle of Thermopylae -- 480 B.C.; extremely costly victory for Persian forces under Xerxes; a much smaller Greek force under Leonidas inflicted nearly 5,000 casualties Thucydides -- considered the first scientific historian; wrote the objective "A History of the Peloponnesian War" Thutmose III -- pharoah of the 18th Dynasty of the New Kingdom; stepson of the pharoah Hatshepsut; expanded the Egyptian empire Battle of Thymbra -- between Cyrus the Great (Persian) and Croesus (Lydian); Lydia falls to the Persian Empire Tiglathpileser III -- Assyrian king from 745-727 B.C.; established Assyria as a world empire; invaded Egypt Treaty of Tordesillas -- 1494; created the line that divided the New World between Spain and Portugal Battle of Tours -- 732 in France between French and Arabs; French victory, led by Charles Martel, halts Arab advance into Europe Trajan -- emperor of Rome from 99-117; added Dacia, Armenia, and Mesopotamia to the Roman Empire Trireme -- an ancient Greek warship The Twelve Tables -- first written law code of the Roman Republic, codified in 451 B.C. Umayyad Caliphate -- overthrown by the Abbasids in 750; later reestablished power base in Spain Urban II -- Pope who ordered the launching of the First Crusade in 1094 Vandals -- barbaric tribe who sacked Rome in 455; destroyed by Byzantines in 534 Vassal -- a feudal tenant; the person who held land under the feudal system and was subject to the rule of a seigneur Treaty of Verdun -- divided Charlemagne's empire between his grandsons; Charles the Bald received France; Lothar received the Middle Kingdom; and Louis received Germany Visigoths -- tribe who lived in Spain c. 400-700; capital at Barcelona Vizier -- a governor or viceroy of a province William I (the Conqueror) -- duke of Normandy; conquered England during the period from 1066-1068 Xerxes I -- Persian king 486-468 B.C.; continued the war against Greece Battle of Zama -- 202 B.C. (Second Punic War) between Roman armies under Scipio and Carthaginian armies under Hannibal; Scipio's victory led to the capture of Carthage and the end of the Second Punic War Zealots -- Jewish group that favored military revolt against Rome; saw the Messiah as a military leader; started the disastrous revolt that led to the destruction of the temple in 70 Zend-Avesta -- text of Parsees and Zoroastrians; consists of five parts: Yasna, Vispered, Vendidad, Yashts, and Khordah Ziggurat -- the terraced central building of a Sumerian city Zoroastrianism -- dualistic religion developed by Zoroaster in which there is a struggle between forces of good led by Ahura Mazda and evil led by Ahiram Directory: student -> okacf -> lists student -> Black Tuesday: October 29, 1929. The day the stock market crashed. Everyone started to panic because they realized they were losing money. Black Tuesday is one of the big things that led to the Great Depression. Buy on margin student -> Guide to Go lists -> - lists -> Act of Supremacy lists -> Oklahoma Academic Team Artists and Their Works lists -> Oklahoma Academic Team Famous Film Directors lists -> Love's labour's lost lists -> Abington School District v. Schempp Download 82.56 Kb. Share with your friends:
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