Use the following to answer questions 1-13: Write the letter of the word or phrase that best matches the definition or example provided. Some terms may be used more than once; others may not be used at all.
The official Roman Catholic agency founded in 1542 to combat international doctrinal heresy.
___2.
Moderates of both religious faiths who held that only a strong monarchy could save France from total collapse.
___3.
Calvin's formulation of Christian doctrine, which became a systematic theology for Protestantism.
___4.
The name originally given to Lutherans, which came to mean all non-Catholic Western Christian groups.
___5.
Members of the Society of Jesus, founded by Ignatius Loyola, whose goal was the spread of the Roman Catholic faith.
___6.
The teaching that God has determined the salvation or damnation of individuals based on his will and purpose, not on their merit of works.
___7.
The alliance of seven northern provinces (led by Holland) that declared its independence from Spain and formed the United Provinces of the Netherlands.
___8.
The clerical practice of holding more than one church benefice (or office) at the same time and enjoying the income from each.
___9.
French Calvinists.
___10.
A document issued by the Catholic Church lessening penance or time in purgatory, widely believed to bring forgiveness of all sins.
_ __11.
The fleet sent by Philip II of Spain in 1588 against England as a religious crusade against Protestantism. Weather and the English fleet defeated it.
___12.
A document issued by Henry IV of France in 1598, granting liberty of conscience and of public worship to Calvinists, which helped restore peace in France.
a new spirit of cooperation between Protestants and Catholics.
___ 19.
Luther believed that the church consisted of
a)
the entire body of clergy.
b)
the elect.
c)
all those who supported his views.
d)
the saints and Christ, not human beings.
e)
the entire community of Christian believers.
___ 20.
Luther's ideas about Roman exploitation of Germany
a)
appealed to the national sentiment of German princes.
b)
were met with dismay by the ruling elite.
c)
led to administrative reform in the empire.
d)
found an audience only among the peasantry.
e)
are generally considered paranoid by modern historians.
___ 21.
How did the choice to embrace or reject the Reform movement occur in a territory or region in the Holy Roman Empire?
a)
Individual parishes selected their leaders, who would decide whether to reform the parish.
b)
Local religious councils determined whether or not to embrace reform.
c)
Individual priests decided whether or not to embrace the Reform movement and introduce new doctrines and practices.
d)
Individual Christians responded to the call for reform and then required local religious officials to adopt the Reform movement.
e)
The political leader(s) of the territory or region determined whether to introduce reforms.
___ 22.
Why did Protestants allow the dissolution of marriages in divorce?
a)
Protestants believed that individuals were responsible for their own salvation. and therefore should be allowed the choice to stay in a marriage or not.
b)
Protestants viewed marriage as a contract for mutual support, and married partners who failed to provide support endangered their souls and the entire community.
c)
Protestants believed that the “priesthood of all believers” required that all be treated equally before the law to make decisions about their marriages.
d)
Protestants viewed marriage as a temporary arrangement in this world that had no significance for the afterlife.
e)
Protestants believed the right to divorce in marriage was the equivalent of the idea of spiritual free will.
___ 23.
As a result of the Peace of Augsburg, the people of Germany
a)
remained Catholics.
b)
were able to practice the religion of their choice.
c)
converted to Lutheranism.
d)
became either Lutheran or Catholic, depending on the preference of their prince.
e)
threw off the papal yoke.
___ 24.
Luther viewed celibacy as
a)
opposed to human nature and God's commandments.
b)
the ideal act of spiritual devotion.
c)
required for all Lutheran pastors.
d)
a gift only the spiritually mature could enjoy.
e)
undermining efforts to expand population.
___ 25.
How did the closing of the monasteries and convents affect upper-class women?
a)
Upper-class women were freed from the numerous restraints of convent life.
b)
Marriage became virtually the only occupation for upper-class women.
c)
Upper-class women were able to participate in art and literature, which were denied to them in the convent.
d)
Families were forced to take over the care and support of women who had no productive role.
e)
Upper-class women were able to take administrative abilities developed in the monasteries into the royal courts and bureaucracies.
___ 26.
Why did Elizabeth I have her cousin and heir Mary, Queen of Scots, executed?
a)
Mary became implicated in a plot to assassinate Elizabeth.
b)
Elizabeth executed Mary to demonstrate the consequences of supporting Catholicism.
c)
Mary had married Philip II of Spain against Elizabeth's wishes.
d)
Elizabeth resented Mary's beauty and ability to dominate men.
e)
Mary had led Scottish troops against England in order to seize the throne.
___ 27.
Why did John Calvin reject the idea of human free will?
a)
Human free will would undermine the idea of human sinfulness.
b)
Human free will would eliminate the idea of the divine right of kings.
c)
Human free will would detract from the sovereignty of God.
d)
Human free will would undermine the need for the crucifixion of Christ.
e)
Human free will would detract from the authority of the church.
___ 28.
Martin Luther's first response to the Peasants' War was
a)
a call to the nobles to crush the peasants.
b)
to undertake penance for the peasants' sins.
c)
a call for peasants and nobles to unite in a crusade against the Turks.
d)
a call for the confiscation of Catholic nobles' estates.
e)
to side with the peasants.
___ 29.
The Consistory was
a)
a body of laymen and pastors who led Geneva.
b)
the intellectual leaders of the Reformation.
c)
those individuals chosen for salvation.
d)
all Protestants.
e)
the elected ministers of the church.
___ 30.
How did the Calvinists understand the idea of work or labor?
a)
Work was the consequence of sin entering the world; it marked the shame of humankind.
b)
Hard work, well done, was pleasing to God, and all work with a religious aspect was dignified.
c)
Work marked the duty to which God called the unlearned, freeing the superior minds to contemplation.
d)
Hard work was the duty of criminals and non-Christians so that Christians could pursue holiness.
e)
All were called to hard work in fields in order to keep them in contact with God's creation.
___ 31.
Why did most ordinary Poles oppose the Lutheran reform movement?
a)
They were exempt from most church taxes.
b)
They saw the Catholic Church as a counterweight to the power of the Polish monarchy.
c)
They believed themselves specially selected by God to preserve the Catholic faith.
d)
They held strong anti-German feelings.
e)
They opposed the idea of the priesthood of all believers.
___ 32.
The Calvinist doctrine of predestination led to a
a)
mood of fatalism among Calvin's followers.
b)
withdrawal from the world of business and politics.
c)
mass exodus from the city of Geneva.
d)
fashion for astrology.
e)
confidence among Calvinists in their own salvation.
Short Answer: Answer each question with three or four sentences.
47.
What was an indulgence, and how did Luther's theology of salvation reject indulgences?
48.
How did the Council of Trent reform the priesthood?
49.
Who were the politiques and what role did they play in France?
50.
How did Luther's position as a university professor affect the spread of the Reformation?
Essay: Answer each of the following questions in a few paragraphs. Include specific examples that support your thesis and conclusions.
50.
Although the Protestant Reformation is usually interpreted as a religious movement, it had a profound impact on European civilization in general. Discuss the political, social, and economic consequences of the Reformation. How did the Reformation affect women?
Answer Key
1.
o
2.
m
3.
k
4.
f
5.
n
6.
l
7.
q
8.
a
9.
i
10.
e
11.
p
12.
c
13.
d
14.
d
15.
b
16.
b
17.
a
18.
c
19.
e
20.
a
21.
e
22.
b
23.
d
24.
a
25.
b
26.
a
27.
c
28.
e
29.
a
30.
b
31.
d
32.
e
33.
e
34.
a
35.
b
36.
a
37.
e
38.
c
39.
d
40.
c
41.
b
42.
a
43.
e
44.
e
45.
d
46.
a
47.
Church officials taught that Christ, the apostles, and the saints had built up a “treasury of merit” that could be granted out to shorten an individual's penance or time in purgatory. Luther taught that salvation came by faith alone through God's grace and that earthly authority could not affect salvation.
48.
Bishops were given greater authority to discipline priests, especially concerning sexual morality and celibacy. Every diocese had to establish a seminary to train and educate priests, and the seminary professors were to determine if candidates had genuine callings to the priesthood.
49.
The politiques were Catholic and Huguenot moderates who believed that the creation of a strong monarchy was necessary to bring to a conclusion to the religious violence and warfare in France. They favored accepting the Huguenots as an officially recognized group and promoted the accession of Henry of Navarre, a Huguenot who had converted to Catholicism and was himself a politique, as King Henry IV of France.
50.
A discussion of the Reformation's political impact should include the destruction of the concept of European unity; the idea of religious homogeneity within a state, decided by the prince; the declining influence of the church in political affairs; and churches' increasing identification with the state. Students should provide a brief narrative of the political history of the era, including military confrontations. In the discussion of social consequences, students should consider carefully the Peasants' War, with special attention to both the role of Luther and the results of that conflict. They could indicate not only the war's limited impact on the social status of peasants, but the close and supportive relationship between Lutheranism and the state. The Reformation's impact on urban society should certainly address the Protestant tenet that all vocations have merit in God's eyes, thus providing religious justification for the business classes. When writing about the impact on women, students should include Luther's exaltation of marriage and procreation as well as his denunciation of the monastic lifestyle; within this framework, the loss of career opportunities for upper-class women in Protestant states should be considered. Students should also discuss the shared responsibility of husband and wife in the family, being sure to indicate that the husband was the ruler of the household.
