Chapter 18 Test Review Matching

____ 1. According to Hobbes and Locke, human nature was governed by ____.

____ 2. Life, liberty, and property are examples of ____.

____ 3. A(n) ____ believed that natural laws could be used to define economic systems.

____ 4. Joseph II was a(n) ____ because he used Enlightenment ideas to bring about political and social change.

____ 5. The powers of a(n) ____ are defined and limited by law.

____ 6. Editor of the controversial Encyclopedia

____ 7. Philosopher who believed that people were basically good

____ 8. German composer of religious music for choirs and organ

____ 9. Whig leader often called Britain’s first prime minister

____ 10. Author of pamphlet encouraging Americans to declare independence from Britain

____ 11. An agreement by which people give up their natural state for an organized society

____ 12. A policy that allows businesses to operate without government interference

____ 13. A government in which the ruling power belongs to a few people

____ 14. A social gathering in which artists and thinkers exchange ideas

____ 15. A grand and complex artistic style

____ 16. “In order to have liberty, it is necessary that the powers of the government be separated.”

____ 17. “I do not agree with a word you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it.”

____ 18. “Man is born free, but is everywhere in chains.”

____ 19. “There should be no government regulations on trade.”

____ 20. “It is against all reason to suppose that this Continent can long remain subject to any external power.”

____ 21. Montesquieu believed the purpose of the separation of powers was to

____ 22. Which of the following is a true statement about European peasants during the Enlightenment?

____ 23. Which of the following helped Britian become a global power in the 1700s?

____ 24. Which of the following groups had the right to vote in Britain in the 1700s?

____ 25. Trade within the colonies of the British empire was controlled by

____ 26. The statement “No taxation without representation” was partly influenced by the thinking of

____ 27. Which event in Figure 18-1 suggests that the American Revolution had a global impact?

____ 28. According to Figure 18-1, how many years passed between the publication of Locke’s Two Treatises of Government and the end of the American Revolution?

____ 29. According to Figure 18-1, in what year did the French Revolution begin?

____ 30. Which event in Figure 18-1 best supports the generalization that Enlightenment reforms lagged behind in some parts of Europe?

____ 31. Thinkers during the Age of Reason challenged the established social order by

____ 32. Joseph II adopted Enlightenment ideas

____ 33. The Tory party in Britain was made up primarily of

____ 34. Which of the following was a new feature of English government in the late 1700s?

____ 35. American resentment of British rule increased after 1763 over

____ 36. The Declaration of Independence clearly reflects the ideas of

37. Explain why the Enlightenment is sometimes called the Age of Reason and link it to the Scientific Revolution of the 1500s and 1600s.

38. Give a brief description of each of these thinkers’ beliefs: Locke, Montesquieu, Voltaire, Rousseau.

39. Contrast the economic philosophy of the physiocrats with that of the mercantilists.

40. Describe how the artistic tastes of aristocrats differed from those of the middle class.

41. List three factors that helped Britain become a global power in the 1700s.

42. List the three new institutions that became part of England’s changing government in the 1700s and briefly describe their functions.

43. Identify three causes of the American Revolution.

Wollstonecraft: “Woman was not created merely to be the solace [comfort] of man. . . . On this . . . error has all the false system been erected, which robs [all women of their] dignity. . . .”

Rousseau: “Girls must be subject all their lives to the most constant and severe restraint [control] . . . that they may the more readily learn to submit to the will of others. . . .”

Wollstonecraft: “How can a woman believe that she was made to submit to man—a being like herself, her equal?”

44. What did Rousseau consider the duty of a woman to be?

45. How would Wollstonecraft describe the relationship between men and women in an ideal society?

1. C

3. E

5. A

7. D

9. E

11. E

13. B

15. A

17. A

19. B

21. B

23. B

25. A

27. B

29. B

31. C

33. A

35. B

37. The thinkers of the time believed that you could use reason to discover the natural laws that underlie a just society. The Enlightenment’s faith in reason to solve social problems grew out of the successes of science during the Scientific Revolution.

38. Locke believed people were born with natural rights and that they formed governments to protect these rights. People have the right to overthrow a government that fails to protect their natural rights. Montesquieu believed that the separation of powers was the best way to protect liberty. Voltaire believed that freedom of speech and thought were essential rights. Rousseau believed that people are basically good but become corrupted by society. People in an ideal society would put the collective good over their own interests.

39. Physiocrats believed government should not interfere with trade, they supported free trade, and they believed real wealth came from making the land more productive. Mercantilists called for the acquisition of gold and silver wealth through trade. They believed trade should be supported through government regulation to achieve a favorable trade balance.

40. Aristocrats favored art and architecture either in the classical tradition, the grand, ornate style of the baroque, or the elegant style of the rococo. The middle class, however, had simpler tastes and preferred art that reflected the reality of their daily lives.

41. Answers should include three of the following: an island location, a strong navy, success in war, a favorable business climate, the union of England and Scotland.

42. Political parties—advanced the interests of the groups in political power (landed aristocrats and wealthy business people); cabinet—helped the king rule; prime minister—headed the cabinet and acted as chief official of the government.

43. Answers should include three of the following: British taxes on the colonies without representation in the Parliament, tightening British control of colonial trade, growing sense of distinct American identity, punitive measures against the colonies for rebellious acts.