[Chp. 5: The Art of Ancient Greece]

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The Art of Ancient Greece (c. 800–1st CENTURY B.C.)
Periklean Athens (c. 450–400 B.C.)
Overview
Key Terms

[Chp. 5: The Art of Ancient Greece]

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Learning Goals

After reading the chapter, you should be able to do the following:

Label a map of ancient Greece
Explain what is meant by "Man is the measure of things," and relate it to the development of Greek art
Compare the New York Kouros with the Egyptian sculptures of Menkaure and his Queen
Describe the position of women in ancient Greece
Identify Plato, Socrates, and Aristotle and describe the essential features of their philosophy
List the Greek gods, discussing their functions and attributes
Draw and label the plan of the Parthenon
Draw and label the Doric and Ionic orders of architecture
Identify all the works and define the terms featured in the chapter
Describe the development of Greek pottery styles and their techniques, from Geometric to White Ground
Describe the development of Greek sculptural styles from Orientalizing through Hellenistic
Describe the style, technique, and iconography of the Battle of Issos mosiac
Describe the techniques of lost-wax bronze casting, encaustic painting, and pottery
Compare the Greek canon of Polykleitos with the Egyptian proportional grid
Compare and contrast the temple of Zeus at Olympia with the Parthenon, from the point of view of style and iconography
Identify the twelve Labors of Herakles
Draw and label the plan of the Athenian Acropolis
Compare the depictions of males and females in Greek sculpture
Identify the leading figures of Greek history

The Art of Ancient Greece (c. 800–1st CENTURY B.C.)

Geometric Period (1000 BCE – 700BCE)

Greek alphabet introduced (c. 750 B.C.)
Homeric epics composed (c. 750-700 B.C.)
Delphic oracle; Olympian gods
Battle of Marathon: Persian defeat (490 B.C.)
Philosophy: Plato; Socrates; Aristotle
Theater: Aeschylos; Sophokles; Euripides; Aristophanes
"Man is the measure of all things"
Vase painting; mosaics; monumental sculpture
Orders of architecture: Doric; Ionic; Corinthian

Periklean Athens (c. 450–400 B.C.)

The Parthenon; canon of Polykleitos
Herodotos ("father of history")
Peloponnesian War: Sparta defeats Athens
Alexander the Great dies (323 B.C.)

Hellenistic period

Overview

The ancient Greeks are known as a self aware people. No other culture in western civilization history was quite as introspective as the Greeks. They prided themselves as the most civilized society in the world. In fact the term “barbarian” basically meant non Greek. The development of Greek civilization rises from the ashes of the ancient Mycenaean and Minion cultures. From After the decline and eventual fall of the Mycenaean culture in 1100 BCE, the Aegean Islands would experience a “dark age” period for about 200 – 300 years. By 800 BCE Greece would begin to show growth and stability in their government, economy and culture. This period is referred to as the Homeric Age. The writer Homer would write the stories of prehistoric Greek history (If you have not had to read The Iliad or The Odyssey in your academic career thus far, just wait, it is coming.) It is the Greek culture that would be the basis for western cultures for art, architecture, music, theater, philosophy, literature and politics.

Key Terms

abacus	the flat slab that forms the topmost unit of a Doric column and on which the architrave rests.
acanthus	a Mediterranean plant with prickly leaves, supposedly the source of foliage-like ornamentation on Corinthian columns.
agora	the open space in an ancient Greek town used as a marketplace or for general meetings.
Alexander the Great
amphora	an ancient Greek two-handled vessel for storing grain, honey, oil, or wine.
Archaic smile
architrave	the lowest unit of an entablature, resting directly on the capital of a column.
Arête	excellence + more
Athenian Acropolis
Athens and Sparta
balustrade	a series of balusters, or upright pillars, supporting a rail (as along the edge of a balcony or bridge).
Battle of Salamis
black-figure style	describing a style of Greek pottery painting of the sixth century B.C., in which the decoration is black on a red background.
canon	a set of rules, principles, or standards used to establish scales or proportions.
canon of proportions
caryatid	a supporting column in post-and-lintel construction carved to represent a human or animal figure.
cella	the main inner room of a temple, often containing the cult image of the deity.
colonnade	a series of columns set at regular intervals, usually supporting arches or an entablature.
contrapposto	a stance of the human body in which one leg bears the weight, while the other is relaxed, creating an asymmetry in the hip-shoulder axis.
Corinthian	see Order.
cornice	the projecting horizontal unit, usually molded, that surmounts an arch or wall; the topmost member of a Classical entablature.
Delian League
Dorian and Ionian Greeks
Doric	see Order.
drum	(a) one of the cylindrical blocks of stone from which the shaft of a column is made; (b) the circular or polygonal wall of a building surmounted by a dome or cupola.
echinus	in the Doric Order, the rounded molding between the necking and the abacus.
encaustic	a painting technique in which pigment is mixed with a binder of hot wax and fixed by heat after application.
entablature	the portion of a Classical architectural Order above the capital of a column.
entasis	the slight bulging of a Doric column, which is at its greatest about one third of the distance from the base.
entasis
finial	a small decorative element at the top of an architectural member such as a gable or pinnacle, or of a smaller object such as a bronze vessel.
flutes, fluting	a series of vertical grooves used to decorate the shafts of columns in Classical architecture.
fluting
foreshortening	the use of perspective to represent a single object extending back in space at an angle to the picture plane.
frieze	(a) the central section of the entablature in the Classical Orders; (b) any horizontal decorative band.
geometric	(a) based on mathematical shapes such as the circle, square, or rectangle; (b) a style of Greek pottery made between c. 900 and 700 B.C., characterized by geometric decoration.
“golden mean”
Greek panel painting
Greek theaters
Greeks vs. Persians
hydria	an ancient Greek or Roman water jar.
Ionic	see Order.
isocephaly, isocephalic	the horizontal alignment of the heads of all the figures in a composition.
kore (korai)	Greek word for maiden; an Archaic Greek statue of a standing female, usually clothed.
kouros (kouroi)	Greek word for young man; an Archaic Greek statue of a standing nude youth.
krater	a wide-mouthed bowl for mixing wine and water in ancient Greece.
kylix	an ancient Greek drinking cup with a wide, shallow bowl.
lekythos	an ancient Greek vessel with a long, narrow neck, used primarily for pouring oil.
Lord Elgin and the “Elgin Marbles”
lost-wax bronze casting (cire-perdue)	a technique for casting bronze and other metals.
meander pattern	a fret or key pattern originating in the Greek Geometric period.
metope	the square area, often decorated with relief sculpture, between the triglyphs of a Doric frieze.
naos	the inner sanctuary of an ancient Greek temple.
necking	a groove or molding at the top of a column or pilaster forming the transition from shaft to capital.
oenochoe	an ancient Greek wine jug.
Order	one of the architectural systems (Corinthian, Ionic, Doric) used by the Greeks and Romans to decorate and define the post-and-lintel system of construction.
Panathenaic Festival
pediment	(a) in Classical architecture, the triangular section at the end of a gable roof, often decorated with sculpture; (b) a triangular feature placed as a decoration over doors and windows.
Pericles
peripteral	surrounded by a row of columns or peristyle.
peristyle	a colonnade surrounding a structure; in Roman houses, the courtyard surrounded by columns.
Phidias
Polis	city-state
portico	(a) a colonnade; (b) a porch with a roof supported by columns, usually at the entrance to a building.
protome, protoma	a representation of the head and neck of an animal, often used as an architectural feature.
red-figure style	describing a style of Greek pottery painting of the sixth or fifth century B.C., in which the decoration is red on a black background.
Roman copies of Greek statues
scroll	(a) a length of writing material, such as papyrus or parchment, rolled up into a cylinder; (b) a curved molding resembling a scroll (e.g., the volute of an Ionic or Corinthian capital).
Severe Style
shaft	the vertical, cylindrical part of a column that supports the entablature.
slip	in ceramics, a mixture of clay and water used (a) as a decorative finish or (b) to attach different parts of an object (e.g., handles to the body of a vessel).
stylobate	the top step of a stereobate, forming a foundation for a column, peristyle, temple, or other structure.
tesserae	a small piece of colored glass, marble, or stone used in a mosaic.
triglyph	in a Doric frieze, the rectangular area between the metopes, decorated with three vertical grooves (glyphs).
volute	in the Ionic order, the spiral scroll motif decorating the capital.
wet drapery
white-ground	describing a style of Greek pottery painting of the fifth century B.C., in which the decoration is usually black on a white background.

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