Global History and Geography Name: ____________________________
E. Napp Date: ____________________________ The First Humans
Anthropologists (studying the origins of humans) – Louis and Mary Leakey discovered evidence that suggests human beings first appeared in the Great Rift Valley of East Africa (between 200,000 and 400,000 years ago)
Nomads – Hunters and gatherers
First human cultures developed (culture is a way of life of a group of people.)
The Neolithic Revolution
Around 8,000 B.C., some people learned to farm and domesticate animals
Many archaeologists (social scientists excavating or digging up artifacts or human-made objects to discover prehistoric peoples and cultures) believe this change occurred in the Middle East
Began in river valleys (Tigris and Euphrates, Nile, Indus, Huang He (Yellow)
A result was that people began living in permanent settlements
Agriculture, villages, complex class systems, government
Rise of civilization (an advanced form of human culture with cities, writing, and technology)
Mesopotamia (3500 B.C. – 1700 B.C.)
Early civilization located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers (present-day Iraq)
Irrigation led to food surpluses
Rise of city-states
Sumerians were a group of people living in Mesopotamia
Sumerians developed cuneiform (an early writing system) and built ziggurats (temples)
Another people of Mesopotamia (Babylonians) developed the world’s earliest written law code
The Code of Hammurabi had harsh punishments and class divisions (wealthy people could sometimes pay a fine to avoid physical punishment)
Egypt (3200 B.C. – 500 B.C.)
Located in North Africa
Mostly desert but Nile River, longest river, runs through it
Agriculture on the banks of the Nile River
River flooded every year
River used for transportation and trade
Pharaoh was the absolute ruler, a divine ruler (god-king)
Believed in life after death (pyramids as tombs for deceased pharaohs)
Developed a civilization along the Mediterranean occupied by present-day Israel, Lebanon, and Jordan
Judaism was the religion of the Hebrews
It was the first monotheistic religion
Monotheism is the belief in one God
The Torah is the first five books of the Hebrew Bible (Christians refer to the Hebrew Bible as the Old Testament)
According to Jewish tradition, ancient Hebrews migrated from Israel to Egypt to escape food shortages from drought
Enslaved in Egypt until Moses led the Hebrews out of Egypt (this flight from Egypt is known as the Exodus)
Moses received the Ten Commandments (moral and ethical rules in the Bible that forbid immoral behavior)
Hebrews returned to Israel and established their capital at Jerusalem
The Persian Empire
Lived in the region between the Caspian Sea and the Persian Gulf
Beginning around 550 B.C., rulers extended the territory
At height, Persian Empire stretched more than 3,000 miles from the Nile to the Indus River
Vast empire (a state that rules over different people) was divided into provinces connected by a system of roads
Each province paid tribute (taxes) to Persian ruler
In 570 B.C., a new religion was introduced (Zoroastrianism)
Zoroastrianism taught that there were two forces in the world: a force of light and goodness and a force of darkness and evil – the world is a battleground
According to Zoroaster, those who led good lives would go to Heaven and the others would be doomed to Hell
The Greeks
Ancient Greece consisted of a large mountainous peninsula and the islands of the Aegean Sea
Seas used for trade
Trade increased cultural diffusion (sharing of cultural ideas and objects)
Adopted the Phoenician alphabet
Mountains separated the early Greek city-states
Each city acted as a separate country although shared a common culture based on language, religious beliefs, and customs
Athens and Sparta were important city-states
Sparta was a militaristic city-state, slaves (helots) farmed, and strict discipline was emphasized
Athens developed direct democracy (only free men born in Athens – women, slaves, and foreigners could not vote), experienced a golden age (Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle were important philosophers – built the Parthenon and its columns – theater and mathematics)
A rivalry developed between Athens and Sparta which led to the Peloponnesian War – after thirty years, Sparta emerged as the victor
Alexander the Great
In 338 B.C., the king of Macedonia brought all of the Greek city-states under his control
His son, Alexander the Great, went on to conquer most of the Mediterranean world, including Persia and Egypt
Extended his conquests to the Indus River Valley
Empire collapsed shortly after his death
His conquests spread Hellenism (a Greek-like culture – a blend of Greek, Persian, Egyptian, and Indian influences)
The Roman Empire
Rome was located in the middle of the Italian peninsula
Alps mountains (in the north) protected Rome from invaders and seas were used for trade and expansion
Early Roman class system: patricians (wealthy landowners) and plebeians (small farmers, craftsmen, and merchants)
In early times, Romans established a republic (citizens elect representatives like Senators and citizens are the source of political power)
The Twelve Tables of Roman Law or Roman written laws were issued mainly to protect the plebeians (innocent until proven guilty and equality under the law)
After conquering Italian peninsula, Rome defeated Carthage (former Phoenician colony in North Africa) and by 146 B.C. Rome dominated all of the Mediterranean world but expansion changed Rome
Julius Caesar, a general, conquered Gaul (France) and Spain and marched his armies back to Rome deciding to become a dictator for life but was assassinated in 44 B.C. by Senators
Augustus Caesar became the first Roman Emperor and began a long period of peace known as the Pax Romana began
Built new public baths, aqueducts, stadiums, and other buildings
Permitted existence of other religions but expected conquered people to worship the emperor as divine
Romans destroyed the Jewish temple in Jerusalem and drove many Jews out of Palestine (the Diaspora or scattering of the Jewish people began)
Despite persecution, Christianity spread and in the 4th century, Emperor Constantine became a Christian
The Fall of the Western Roman Empire
Starting in the third century, the Roman Empire began to weaken
Many emperors were corrupt and ineffective
The cost of defending the empire led to high taxes
Inflation and unemployment led to economic difficulties
Under continual attack by fierce tribes from Northern Europe and Central Asia – The Romans considered these individuals to be barbarians
In the late 300s, Huns from Central Asia began attacking German tribes which in turn pushed toward Rome
Invaders successfully invaded Rome
In 476 A.D., the last Roman emperor was overthrown in the West
However, the Eastern empire, later known as the Byzantine empire, survived for another thousand years
Roman Achievements
Law: Roman concepts of justice, equality before the law, and natural law based on reason shaped later legal systems
Language: Latin was the language of Rome and from Latin, Spanish, French, Portuguese, Italian, and Romanian evolved
Engineering: The Romans built thousands of miles of roads to connect the empire as well as bridges and aqueducts to supply water to their cities – The Romans developed concrete and the use of arches and domes
Christianity: The adoption of the Christian religion by the Roman empire was a major turning point in the spread of Christianity
The Aryans
About 1500 B.C., a people from Central Asia known as the Aryans arrived in India
They had iron weapons and horse-drawn chariots and were excellent warriors
Conquered the Indus River Valley and then moved into the Ganges River Valley
Brought their own religion to India which would evolve into Hinduism
Aryan conquest led to the creation of a new social system known as the caste system
A person was born into his caste and remained in his caste throughout his lifetime ( it was a rigid or fixed class system)
People were not allowed to marry outside of their caste
Untouchables or outcastes were considered to be beneath all other social groups and performed the lowliest tasks
Hindus believed a person’s soul was reborn and that caste, therefore, was a punishment or reward for past deeds
The Mauryan Empire
A great empire emerged in northern India
Its most significant ruler, King Asoka (269 B.C.E. -232 B.C.E.) converted from Hinduism to Buddhism after a particularly violent battle
Buddhism had developed in India around 500 B.C. and Buddhists believed in renouncing worldly desires to find inner peace
Asoka was a tolerant ruler who encouraged all religious groups to live peacefully with one another
Asoka improved roads, built hospitals, and sent teachers throughout the empire to encourage education and spread the ideas of Buddhism
The empire began to fall apart after his death
The Gupta Empire (320 A.D. – 535 A.D.)
The Gupta family emerged as a new ruling family in northeastern India
The Guptas encouraged peace, prosperity, and trade (golden age of Hindu culture)
Built universities and supported learning
Excelled at mathematics and science
Developed the concept of zero, the idea of infinity, and the decimal system
Artists painted colorful murals
Writers composed poems and plays in Sanskrit (the literary and religious written language of India)
Zhou Dynasty (1027 B.C. – 221 B.C.)
The Zhou conquered the Shang and established a dynasty in China
The Zhou rulers claimed that they had the Mandate of Heaven (Chinese belief that the gods chose the emperor to rule but could remove a corrupt emperor)
Dynasty descended into warfare as competing warlords tried to achieve control
Two important philosophies developed: Confucianism and Daoism
For Confucius, preserving the social order became the most important human value – society depended on good family relations and good government
For Lao-zi, the founder of Daoism, nature has a dao, or way, in which it moves and people should respect nature and harmony and accept things as they are
The Qin Dynasty (221 B.C. - 206 B.C.)
Shi Huang-ti began a new dynasty in China
He was the first Chinese ruler to call himself “emperor”
He believed that people were not always good and required a strong ruler to keep control (Legalism – Chinese philosophy)
He established a strong central government, built roads, and introduced a uniform system of writing and measurement throughout the empire
Shi Huang-ti joined together several existing walls to form the Great Wall of China
The Great Wall was built to protect China from nomadic peoples to the northwest
The dynasty came to an end after the death of Shi Huang-ti because his rule was so harsh
The Han Dynasty (206 B.C. -220 A.D.)
The next dynasty kept China unified for over four hundred years
It is frequently compared to the Roman Empire
Han emperors established examinations to select candidates for government service
Merchants established overland trade routes
The Silk Road went through Central Asia, connecting China to the Middle East and Rome
Contact with India led to the introduction of Buddhism to China
Hinduism
Largely based on the beliefs of the Aryans
No single holy book but sacred writings like the Upanishads and the Bhagavad-Gita
Dominant religion of India
Believe in many gods (polytheism) but believe each god is a part of Brahma, creator god)
Believe in reincarnation (the soul is reborn)
Believe in karma (a person’s actions determine his status in the next life)
The caste system is a fixed social class system
A Hindu is born into his caste and remains in his caste throughout this lifetime
A Hindu must marry in his caste (this is a rule of the caste system – Dharma)
The Ganges River is considered a sacred river and the cow is a sacred animal
Buddhism
Began in India around 500 B.C.
Prince Siddhartha Gautama lived a life of luxury but left in order to understand the cause of suffering
Saw an old man, a sick man, a corpse, and a holy man
To end suffering, a person must give up selfish desire
Became known as the Buddha or “Enlightened One”
Missionaries spread Buddhism to China, Korea, and Japan
The Four Noble Truths explain the causes and cessation of suffering
The Eightfold Path are eight actions that help end suffering
Nirvana is the end of suffering
Confucianism
Chinese philosopher (551 B.C. – 479 B.C.)
Encouraged people to follow traditional ways
Believed that by maintaining order, peace occurred
In a relationship, there is an inferior and a superior
Inferiors had to obey superiors
Each person must act according to his role in a society (a son must obey his father)
Filial piety is a respect for parents and ancestors
Confucianism became the official philosophy of China
Candidates for government service had to take a test based on Confucian ideals
The family was very important
Christianity
Began about 2,000 years ago in the Middle East
Based on the beliefs and life of Jesus Christ
Preached forgiveness, mercy, and sympathy for the poor
Jesus was crucified by the Romans for claiming that he was the Messiah or savior
After Jesus’ death, a band of followers known as Apostles, spread the religion
Eventually, became the dominant religion of the Roman Empire
Belief that Jesus was the son of God and sacrificed himself to save humankind from punishment for sins
Belief that Jesus was resurrected and rose to Heaven
Belief that a Christian will be saved and will go to Heaven after death if they have faith in Christ as their savior and treat others with love and respect
Sacred book consists of Old Testament (Jewish Bible) and New Testament which describes the life of Christ and the works of the Apostles
The Byzantine Empire
In 330 A.D., the Roman Emperor Constantine moved the capital of the Roman empire from Rome to Byzantium – a Greek city in the eastern part of the empire
Constantine renamed the city Constantinople
When the western half of the Roman empire collapsed in the 5th century, the eastern half of the empire, which became known as the Byzantine Empire, survived for a thousand years beyond the fall of Rome
At the crossroads of Europe and Asia, it had a great location for trade
Trade led to prosperity
The emperor held absolute power
Developed their own form of Christianity (Orthodox Christianity or the Eastern Orthodox Church)
An official break between the Orthodox Christian Church and the Roman Catholic Church occurred in 1054 A.D.
