Remember: the Dutch Republic was an exception in the 16th and 17th centuries

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  Enlightenment Ideas
  
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  progress, science, optimism
  

Sir Isaac Newton--nature can be studies using scientific laws

--inspires:  John Locke (who knew Newton)

--”the Big 5”=Locke, Rousseau, Smith, Montesquieu, Voltaire  (also--Diderot, Beccaria, Wollstonecraft)

--surrender some freedoms in a social contract

--big on property rights

--inspires Montesquieu (3 branch government)

people surrender freedoms to an all powerful government

also protects the right to revolt

opposed mercantilism

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  Joseph II--Austria--frees serfs (later  reversed)
  

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  Catherine the Great--organize legal system--Russia
  

support the arts

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  Frederick the Great --Prussia
  

debt, nobles not getting taxed, no govt. revenue, + new ideas --Enlightenment, famine

Louis XVI--ineffective king.  Louis marginalizes nobles rather than working with them.
fiscal crisis--Estates General called by Louis XVI  (believes they’ll vote his way!)  

voting--by estate (1st, 2nd, and 3rd) BUT…

3rd Estate--creates the National Assembly--Tennis Court Oath--demand for a Constitution

--Storming of the Bastille-carried out by ordinary people

--National Assembly dominated by bourgeoisie --they want, therefore, LIBERAL change  vs. (radicals, peasants, etc.)--point--this is a middle class revolution

--write the Declaration of the Rights of Man

--begin to talk of economic reform

--demand loyalty oath--Civil Constitution of the Clergy--this fires up more controversy

(meanwhile--famine gets worse)

March on Versailles-by French women

Louis XVI--tries to flee to Austria  --which angers the people
AT THIS POINT, THE RADICALS START TO RUN THE SHOW (1792-1794)

Louis XVI is captured and executed

National Convention formed--ruled by the Committee of Public Safety (kind of like the executive branch)--went after enemies of the Revolution--they dechristianize France, introduce calendar, the Cult of the Supreme Being

--Robespierre is inspired by Rousseau’s idea of the General Will

--Robespierre misreads the masses, who want more stability and order

--Robespierre is executed

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  the Directory--corrupt, ineffective
  
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  replaced in 1799 by Napoleon--1st Consul, then Emperor
  

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  Napoleonic Civil Code  (some liberal--which appeals to middle class)
  
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  banking system--stabilizing the economy
  
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  rebuilds Paris--puts people to work
  
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  advent of public education in France--the Lycees
  
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  Concordat of 1801
  

--successful early on--

spreads himself too thin

invades Russia

defeated, returns, defeated again, and then exiled
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

Economics

Agricultural Revolution--late 1600s

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  Enclosure movement--more efficient, leads to crop rotation, better fertilizer, more food--so food prices go down
  

SO--this leads to the factory

key innovation:  steam engine
Industrial revolution

textiles first (soft goods)

division of labor in factory

cheap wages

David Ricardo--Iron Law of Wages

Malthus--population growth
emergence of consumer revolution--fueled by cheaper products + the Atlantic System:  as people have more money the demand growth
responses to new problems:  hours, wages, conditions, poverty

Government reforms--women, children--hours, working conditions

Great Reform Bill of 1832--widens vote--this expands--wider circle of voting power--more from the lower classes, who will ultimately demand more from government
Comparing the regions

France and the Continent industrialize later, only after the chaos of revolution and war

key feature:

England--entreprenurial capitalists

Continent--government support, investment (which means continental countries can industrialize rapidly)
Rise of Isms:  ideology

socialism--protests working conditions

romanticism--responds against destruction of nature
early socialists--”utopian socialists” --like a commune--Blanc, Fourier, Owen--disagreed too much to unify and organize  (later socialists will organize much more effectively)
socialists will later mobilize the working classes--growth of modern political parties, mass culture, mass politics
CLASH OF THE ISMS!!!!

conservatism:  Congress of Vienna in 1815--monarchs of Europe achieve some degree of consensus about ruling in Europe  --the “Concert of Europe”  

(remember--a lot of people welcomed this because it promised some stability and order)

BUT

Belgium--okay--monarch is on board

Greece--weakens the Ottomans + hey, it’s classical Greece
1820s:  several uprising

ie, German student movement which is liberal and nationalistic is

Louis XVIII--Constitutional Monarch, then Charles X--who want no constitution--

liberal revolt in 1830--replaced with Louis Philippe--a favorite of wealthy businessmen
1840s:

the Hungry Forties--series of bad harvests, famine

and then, Napoleon III comes into power

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  the push toward order
  
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  responsive national states, governments
  
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  avoid revolution through reform and public policies
  
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  **CHANGE FROM ABOVE, which allows for greater control
  

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  Alexander II--frees serfs, starts to talk of reform, but assassinated by radicals-the People’s Will  “Bread and Land”
  
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  Alexander III--reactionary--expels radicals, oppressive policies, BUT he does rapidly industrialize Russia--rail, factories  (Russia plays catch-up)
  

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  Count Cavour (Piedmont and Sardinia) --unifies Italy from North (Garibaldi from the South)
  
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  opposed the Pope, France, and Austria!
  

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  German unification--Zollverein already
  
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  failed unification in 1848 “Crown from the Gutter”
  
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  Bismarck--Prussia  “Blood and Iron”
  
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  fights 3 wars to unify Germany:  Denmark, Austria, France (1871)
  
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  Franco Prussian War 1871--Alsace and Lorraine
  
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  Napoleon III-in exile, and will die in England
  

--social welfare

--opposed Social Democrats (socialists)
--prevents revolution

--controversy--tries to oppress Catholic church--Kulturkampf

realpolitik, cautious diplomacy, careful about alliance

Napoleon III

rebuilt Paris, sewer system, Haussmanization!, widens streets, helps to industrialize France

Positivism:  order and stability will bring out positive improvement for France

will declare himself Emperor

gets entangled in foreign affairs

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  18th century--series of weak German-born/related kings
  
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  increasing power of Parliament
  
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  increasing power of Prime Minister
  

Government adapts with continual reforms, expansion of the vote

creation of the Dual Monarchy

from Romanticism to Realism (paint ordinary life as it is), Gustave Flaubert--then moves on to impressionism, post impressionism, expressionism

make colonies a political part of your empire

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  God:  White Man’s Burden--paternalism
  
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  Glory--balance of power
  
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  Gold--expand markets
  

Bismarck  1884--Berlin Conference to set the game rules to avoid war

Suez Canal--makes north Africa really important--site of competition
Belgian Congo

King Leopold--human rights abuses

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  militarism, alliances--get tangled, imperialism, nationalism--the assassination of Franz Ferdinand
  
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  Serbia--hope for a greater Serbian state
  
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  Austria annexes Bosnia
  
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  series of Bosnian War
  

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  Austria--declares war on  Serbia
  
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  Germany provides support
  
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  Russia mobilizes against Germany and Austria
  
• 
  Germany declares war on Russia
  
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  France drawn in
  
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  Belgium invaded, and puts up resistance--brings in England
  
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  trench warfare
  

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  Kaiser abdicates
  
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  Weimar Government formed